Q: Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.

The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas because the native American Indians were not immune to the diseases that the settlers and colonisers brought with them. The Europeans were more or less immune to small pox, but the native Americans, having been cut off from the rest of the world for millions of years, had no defence against it. These germs killed and wiped out whole communities, paving the way for foreign domination. Weapons and soldiers could be destroyed or captured, but diseases could not be fought against.

Q: Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.

Two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability were: Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped transport food more cheaply and quickly from production units to even faraway markets. Refrigerated ships helped transport perishable foods such as meat, butter and eggs over long distances.

Q: Write a note to explain the effects of the following:The coming of rinderpest to Africa.

The coming of rinderpest to Africa caused a loss of livelihood for countless Africans. Using this situation to their advantage, colonising nations conquered and subdued Africa by monopolising scarce cattle resources to force Africans into the labour market.

Question 1

Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.

Accepted Answer

&#10;&#10;The global&#10;transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the&#10;Americas because the native American Indians were not immune to the diseases&#10;that the settlers and colonisers brought with them. The Europeans were more or&#10;less immune to small pox, but the native Americans, having been cut off from&#10;the rest of the world for millions of years, had no defence against it. These&#10;germs killed and wiped out whole communities, paving the way for foreign domination.&#10;Weapons and soldiers could be destroyed or captured, but diseases could not be&#10;fought against.&#10;&#10;

Question 2

Explain the three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write a short account of it.

Accepted Answer

&#10;&#10;The three types of movements or flows within the international economic exchange are trade flows, human capital flows and capital flows or investments. These can be explained as&#8212;the trade in agricultural products, migration of labour, and financial loans to and from other nations.&#10;&#10;India was a hub of trade in the pre-modern world, and it exported textiles and spices in return for gold and silver from Europe. Many different foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies and sweet potatoes came to India from the Americas after Columbus discovered it.In the field of labour, indentured labour was provided for mines, plantations and factories abroad, in huge numbers, in the nineteenth century. This was an instrument of colonial domination by the British.Lastly, Britain took generous loans from USA to finance the World War. Since India was an English colony, the impact of these loan debts was felt in India too. The British government increased taxes, interest rates, and lowered the prices of products it bought from the colony. Indirectly, but strongly, this affected the Indian economy and people.&#10;&#10;

Question 3

Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.

Accepted Answer

Two examples from history to show&#10;the impact of technology on food availability were:&#10;&#10; Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger&#10;ships helped transport food more cheaply and quickly from production units to&#10;even faraway markets.&#10; Refrigerated ships helped transport perishable foods such as meat, butter&#10;and eggs over long distances.

Question 4

Write a note to explain the effects of the following:The British governments decision to abolish the Corn Laws.

Accepted Answer

Population growth from the late eighteenth century had increased the demand for food grains in Britain. As urban centers expanded and industry grew, the demand for agricultural products went up, pushing up food grains prices. Under pressure from landed groups, the government had restricted the import of corn. The laws allowing the government to do this were commonly known as the 'Corn Laws'. The British government's decision to abolish the Corn Laws saw the inflow of cheaper crops from America and Australia. Many English farmers left their profession and migrated to towns and cities. Some went overseas. This indirectly led to global agriculture and rapid urbanization, a prerequisite of industrial growth.

Question 5

What was 'Corn Laws'?

Accepted Answer

Population growth from the late eighteenth century had increased the demand for food grains in Britain. As urban centers expanded and industry grew, the demand for agricultural products went up, pushing up food grains prices. Under pressure from landed groups, the government also restricted the import of corn. The laws allowing the government to do this were commonly known as the 'Corn Laws'.

Question 6

Write a note to explain the effects of the following:The coming of rinderpest to Africa.

Accepted Answer

&#10;&#10;The coming of&#10;rinderpest to Africa caused a loss of livelihood for countless Africans. Using&#10;this situation to their advantage, colonising nations conquered and subdued&#10;Africa by monopolising scarce cattle resources to force Africans into the&#10;labour market.&#10;&#10;

Question 7

Describe the impact of 'Rinderpest' on people's livelihoods and local economy in Africa in the $1890$s.

Accepted Answer

Rinderpest refers to the cattle plague in Africa in 1890s. This disease show that how during this era of conquest even a disease affecting cattle reshaped the lives and fortunes of thousands of people. The infected cattle was imported from British Asia into Africa to feed Italian soldiers. The following were the impact of Rinderpest on people's livelihoods and the local economy in Africa:It destroyed nearly 90% of the livestock.It destroyed the livelihood of the Natives.Mine owners and colonial powers benefited by it as they monopolized what scarce cattle resources remained and Africa ceased to be a free continent.

Question 8

What did indentured labour mean?

Accepted Answer

Indentured labourers were bonded labourers under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off their passage to a new country or home. Recruitment was done by agents engaged by employers and was paid a small commission.

Question 9

Describe the condition of indentured labour that migrated from India during the nineteenth century.

Accepted Answer

Indentured labour is a bonded labour who is hired on contract for a specific employer for a specific period of time. The main destinations of Indian indentured migrants were the Caribbean islands (Mainly Trinidad,), Mauritius and Fiji. Tamil migrants went to Ceylon and Malaya. Indentured workers were also recruited for tea plantation in Assam. Recruitments were done by the agents engaged by employers. Nineteenth century indenture has been described as a 'new system of slavery. Living and working conditions of indentured labourers were harsh and few legal rights were granted to them. Labourers assimilated themselves with the culture of the new place. In Trinidad, the annual Muharram procession was transformed into a riotous carnival called 'Hosay' in which workers of all races and religion joined. 'Chutney music: popular in Trinidad and Guyana, is another creative contemporary expression of the post indenture experience. Indenture labour migration was abolished officially in $1921$.

Question 10

Rinderpest arrived in Africa in

Accepted Answer

In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast-spreading disease of cattle plague or rinderpest had a terrifying impact on peoples livelihoods and the local economy. This is a good example of the widespread European imperial impact on colonised societies. It shows how in this era of conquest even a disease affecting cattle reshaped the lives and fortunes of thousands of people and their relations with the rest of the world.Historically, Africa had abundant land and a relatively small population. For centuries, land and livestock sustained African livelihoods and people rarely worked for a wage. In late nineteenth-century Africa there were few consumer goods that wages could buy. If you had been an African possessing land and livestock  and there was plenty of both  you too would have seen little reason to work for a wage. Rinderpest arrived in Africa in the late 1880s. It was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa. Entering Africa in the east, rinderpest moved west like forest fire, reaching Africas Atlantic coast in 1892.It reached the Cape (Africas southernmost tip) five years later. Along the way rinderpest killed 90 per cent of the cattle. The loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods. Planters, mine owners and colonial governments now successfully monopolised what scarce cattle resources remained, to strengthen their power and to force Africans into the labour market. Control over the scarce resource of cattle enabled European colonisers to conquer and subdue Africa.

Revise with Concepts

Shaping Up of World Economy

Indentured Labour Migration from India

Indian Trade, Colonialism and the Global System

Quick Summary With Stories

19th Century Globalisation : Technology

Late 19th Century Colonialism

Rinderpest, or the Cattle Plague

Indentured Labour Migration from India

Indian Trade, Colonialism and the Global System

Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.

Explain the three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write a short account of it.

Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.

Write a note to explain the effects of the following:
The British governments decision to abolish the Corn Laws.

What was 'Corn Laws'?

Write a note to explain the effects of the following:
The coming of rinderpest to Africa.

Describe the impact of 'Rinderpest' on people's livelihoods and local economy in Africa in the $1890$ s.

What did indentured labour mean?

Describe the condition of indentured labour that migrated from India during the nineteenth century.

Rinderpest arrived in Africa in

Revise with Concepts

Shaping Up of World Economy

Indentured Labour Migration from India

Indian Trade, Colonialism and the Global System

Quick Summary With Stories

19th Century Globalisation : Technology

Late 19th Century Colonialism

Rinderpest, or the Cattle Plague

Indentured Labour Migration from India

Indian Trade, Colonialism and the Global System

Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.

Explain the three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write a short account of it.

Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.

Write a note to explain the effects of the following: The British governments decision to abolish the Corn Laws.

What was 'Corn Laws'?

Write a note to explain the effects of the following: The coming of rinderpest to Africa.

Describe the impact of 'Rinderpest' on people's livelihoods and local economy in Africa in the 1890s.

What did indentured labour mean?

Describe the condition of indentured labour that migrated from India during the nineteenth century.

Rinderpest arrived in Africa in

Write a note to explain the effects of the following:
The British governments decision to abolish the Corn Laws.

Write a note to explain the effects of the following:
The coming of rinderpest to Africa.

Describe the impact of 'Rinderpest' on people's livelihoods and local economy in Africa in the $1890$ s.