Q: What is the mode of nutrition in fungi?

Correct option -AExplanation for correct option -A●Fungi obtain nutrients from dead, organic matter that's why they are called saprophytes.● Fungi produce some kind of digestive enzymes for breaking down complex food into a simple form of food.

Question 1

Give the characteristics of Kingdom Animalia.

Accepted Answer

Characteristics of members of kingdom Animalia are:They are multicellular organisms which do not possess chlorophyll.They are eukaryotic organisms.Cell wall is absent.Mode of nutrition is heterotrophic i.e. they depend on other organisms for food.They have muscle cells due to which they have the capability to contract and relax the body parts.Reproduction is sexual. However, asexual reproduction is also found in lower forms.During development, multicellular embryo is formed from the zygote.They require oxygen for aerobic respiration.

Question 2

In the five kingdom classification, Chlamydomonas and Chlorella have been included in

Accepted Answer

In the five-kingdom classification, Chlamydomonas and Chlorella have been included in Kingdom Protista. Kingdom Protista includes unicellular eukaryotes. Kingdom Monera includes prokaryotes. Earlier, Chlamydomonas and Chlorella were placed in the kingdom Algae. However, according to R. H. Whittaker's classification, the classification depends not only on morphology or physiology but also on phylogeny.Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Question 3

What are the advantages and disadvantages of five kingdom classification?

Accepted Answer

ADVANTAGES OF 5-KINGDOM SYSTEMDISADVANTAGES OF 5-KINGDOM SYSTEM Prokaryotes differ from all other living organisms in their cellular structure.Unicellular algae are kept in kingdom Protista, whereas algae like multicellular organisms are kept in kingdom Plantae. But similar organisms must be put together. Unicellular and multicellular organisms are kept separatelyThere is diversity in kingdom Protista. Dissimilar organisms must not be kept in the same group.  Fungi are placed in a separate kingdom as their mode of nutrition differsThere is no place for viruses.Better than two kingdom classification.Similar organisms are kept far from each other. For example- Unicellular and multicellular algae.

Question 4

With the help of well labelled diagram describe the structure of a bacterial cell.

Accepted Answer

Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms. They do not have nuclear membrane. The nucleus consists of double-stranded circular DNA. They possess long filamentous flagella protruding through cell wall which is used for locomotion. They also contain thin, short filaments called as fimbriae or pili. Some bacteria posses capsule which is the outer covering of cell wall. It is mainly made up of polysaccharide. Cell wall is the rigid outer covering of the bacteria. It is made up of peptidoglycan. It gives a particular shape to bacteria. They do not contain nuclear membrane, golgi complex, cytoskeleton. They contain cytoplasmic membrane, mesosomes, ribosomes and cytoplasmic inclusions.

Question 5

What is the correct way of writing a scientific name ? Illustrate with example.

Accepted Answer

Binomial nomenclature gives each species a scientific name. Scientific name consists of two parts. The first is genus name and second is species name. It is always written in italics (if typed) or underlined (handwritten). The first letter of genus name is always capitalized. However, the first letter of species is not capitalized. For example, the scientific name of human is Homo sapiens. In this, Homo is genus which includes early and modern humans and sapiens is species specific for humans.

Question 6

How are viroids different from viruses?

Accepted Answer

Explanation:Viroids produce RNA whereas viruses produce proteins.Viroids consist of nucleic acid devoid of protein coat but viruses are&#10;composed of the nucleic acid coated with protein.In viruses, RNA can be copied in the nucleus or cytoplasm but in&#10;viroids, RNA or DNA molecules can be copied only in the nucleus.Viroids are simple in structure compared to the viruses.&#10;&#10;&#10;&#10;&#10;

Question 7

Archaebacteria differ from eubacteria in

Accepted Answer

Archaebacteria generally have the same shape, size, nutrition and appearance as bacteria. They multiply by means of binary fission.However, archaebacteria cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan. They also have different membrane lipid bond as compared to the bacteria and eukarya. Archea membrane lipids have ether bonds whereas bacteria has ester-linked lipids.Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Question 8

What is the mode of nutrition in fungi?

Accepted Answer

Correct option -AExplanation for correct option -A&#9679;Fungi obtain nutrients from dead, organic matter that's why they are called saprophytes.&#9679; Fungi produce some kind of digestive enzymes for breaking down complex food into a simple form of food.

Question 9

Haplo-diplontic life cycle is found in ____________.

Accepted Answer

Haplo-diplontic type of life cycle involves the clear alternation of generations between a haploid gamete producing gametophyte and a diploid spore-producing sporophyte. Both bryophytes and pteridophytes exhibit this kind of life cycle pattern.So the correct option is D.

Question 10

Give characteristics of all phylums under Animalia with examples.

Accepted Answer

Kingdom Animalia is divided into eleven major phylums.1. Phylum PoriferaPrimitive multicellular organisms with cellular level of organisationThey are generally marine and asymmetricalDigestion is intracellular. The body is supported by a skeleton made up of spicules or spongin fibres. Sexes are not separate, thus they are called hermaphrodite (egg and sperms are in the same individual). Sponges reproduce asexually by fragmentation and sexually by formation of gametes.Fertilisation is internalDevelopment is indirect having a larval stage which is morphologically distinct from the adult.Examples: Sycon, Spongilla, etc.2. Phylum - Colenterata (Cnidaria)They are aquatic, mostly marine, sessile or free-swimming. Radially symmetrical animalsExhibit a tissue level of organisation They are diploblastic. Digestion is intracellular and extracellular. They have stinging capsules present on the tentacles and the body. These Cnidoblasts are used for anchorage, defense and for capture of prey. They exhibit two basic body forms called polyp (sessile and cylindrical) and medusa (umbrella-shaped and free-swimming. Examples: Physalia, Adamsia, etc. 3. Phylum - CtenophoraCommonly called sea walnuts or comb jelliesExclusively marineRadially symmetrical Diploblastic organisms with tissue level of organisationHas eight external rows of ciliated comb plates for locomotionDigestion is both intracellular and extracellular.Exhibits the property of bioluminescence.Sexes are not separate. Reproduction takes place only by sexual means.Fertilisation is external with indirect development. Examples: Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana4. Phylum &#8211; PlatyhelminthesDorso-ventrally flattened body, hence called flatwormsEndoparasites found in animals including human beingsBilaterally symmetricalTriploblastic and acoelomate animals Organ level of organisationHooks and suckers are present in the parasitic forms. Some of them absorb nutrients from the host directly through their body surface.Flame cells help in osmoregulation and excretion. Sexes are not separate. Fertilisation is internal and development is through many larval stages. Some members like Planaria possess high regeneration capacity.Examples: Taenia (Tapeworm), Fasciola (Liver fluke).5. Phylum &#8211; AschelminthesThey are circular in cross-section, thus, are called roundworms.They may be free-living, aquatic and terrestrial or parasitic in plants and animals.Organ-system level of body organisation. Bilaterally symmetricalTriploblastic and pseudocoelomate Alimentary canal is complete with a well-developed muscular pharynx. An excretory tube removes body wastes from the body cavity through the excretory pore. Sexes are separate (dioecious), i.e., males and females are distinct.Often females are longer than males. Fertilisation is internal and development may be direct (the young ones resemble the adult) or indirect.Examples: Ascaris (Round Worm), Wuchereria (Filaria worm), Ancylostoma (Hookworm).6. Phylum &#8211; AnnelidaCan be aquatic (marine and freshwater) or terrestrial, free-living, and sometimes parasitic.Has organ-system level of body organisationExhibit bilateral symmetry. Triploblastic, metamerically segmented and coelomate animals. Their body surface is distinctly marked out into segments or metameres Longitudinal and circular muscles help them in locomotion. Aquatic annelids like Nereis have lateral appendages, parapodia, which help in swimming. Closed circulatory systemOsmoregulation and excretion are done through nephridia. Reproduction is sexual.Examples: Nereis, Pheretima (Earthworm) and Hirudinaria (Blood sucking leech).7. Phylum &#8211; ArthropodaLargest phylum, includes insectsThey have organ-system level of organisation.They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, segmented and coelomate animals. Body is covered by chitinous exoskeleton. The body consists of head, thorax and abdomen. They have jointed appendages (arthros-joint, poda-appendages). Respiratory organs are gills, book gills, book lungs or tracheal system. Circulatory system is of open type. Sensory organs like antennae, eyes (compound and simple), statocysts or balance organs are present. Excretion takes place through malpighian tubules. Mostly dioecious. Fertilisation is usually internal.They are mostly oviparous. Development may be direct or indirect.Examples: Apis (Honey bee), Laccifer (Lac insect), Anopheles, Culex and Aedes (Mosquitoes)8. Phylum &#8211; MolluscaTerrestrial or aquatic (marine or fresh water)Have an organ-system level of organisation. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate animals. The body is covered by a calcareous shell.It is unsegmented with a distinct head, muscular foot, and visceral hump. They have gills present in a mantle cavity which have respiratory and excretory functions. The anterior head region has sensory tentacles. Usually dioecious and oviparous Indirect developmentExamples: Pila (Apple snail), Pinctada (Pearl oyster), Sepia (Cuttlefish), etc.9. Phylum &#8211; EchinodermataThey are called Echinodermata because they have endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles.Marine Organ-system level of organisationAdult echinoderms are radially symmetrical but larvae are bilaterally symmetrical. They are triploblastic and coelomate animals. Digestive system is complete with mouth on the lower (ventral) side and anus on the upper (dorsal) side. They have water vascular system which helps in locomotion, capture, and transport of food and respiration.An excretory system is absent. Sexes are separate.Reproduction is sexual. Fertilisation is usually external.Development is indirect with free-swimming larva.Examples: Asterias (Star fish), Echinus (Sea urchin), etc. 10. Phylum &#8211; HemichordataIt consists of a small group of worm-like marine animals. Organ-system level of organisationThey are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate animals. The body is cylindrical and is composed of an anterior proboscis, a collar and a long trunk.Circulatory system is of open type. Respiration takes place through gills.Excretory organ is proboscis gland. Sexes are separate. Fertilisation is external. Development is indirect.Examples: Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus11. Phylum &#8211; ChordataPossess a notochord, a dorsalhollow nerve cord and paired pharyngealgill slits. These are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate Have organ-system level of organisation. They possess a post-anal tailClosed circulatory systemExamples: Ascidia, Scoliodon