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Addiction and Dependence

Q: List the harmful effects caused by alcohol/drug abuse.

Alcohol and Drug Abuse can cause various harmful effects not only on the individual but also on the family as well as on society.On Individual Level:1. It effects nervous system because of which the person losses judgment, will-power etc.2. It causes liver cirrhosis, peptic ulcer, gastric carcinoma.3. Reckless behavior, isolation, depression, weight loss etc.4. Drug abuse can also cause dis-functioning of organs like kidney, liver etc.On Family Level: A person addicted to alcohol and drugs shows various issues which lead to frustration, quarrels etc in the family.At Society Level: Deteriorating social network and the person loses interest in social and other activities. A person can cause other problems like violence, damage to properties because of mood swings.

Q: Hashish and Ganja are obtained from

Hashish and Ganja are hallucinogens obtained from Cannabis sativa (Hemp plant). Hashish is obtained from resin (the secreted gum) of Cannabis which is dried and pressed to convert it into a smokable form. Ganja is obtained from unfertilised female inflorescence. Hallucinogens are also known as psychedelic drugs. They change mood, behaviour and thoughts. They cause hallucinations and produce false imaginations.So, the correct answer is 'Cannabis'.

Q: Tobacco consumption is known to stimulate secretion of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline. The component causing this could be:

Tobacco is a stimulant and is consumed as cigarettes and eaten as Gutkha, Jarda pan masala etc. Its stimulating effect on the central Nervous System is primarily due to an alkaloid Nicotine. This activates heart rate, increases alertness etc as it stimulates the adrenal gland to release adrenaline. It also acts as a sedative relaxes the mind and reduces anxiety by stimulating the release of nor-adrenaline.So, the correct answer is 'Nicotine'

Q: Explain 'addiction' and 'dependence' in respect of drug/alcohol abuse in youth.

Addiction is a psychological attachment due to alcohol and drug effects. It consists euphoria and the temporary feeling of well being. It makes the people to have drug or alcohol even when there is no need. Dependence is the ability of the body to menifest the characteristics and unpleasant withdrawl syndrome if regular dose of drug or alcohol is discontinued.

Q: 'Smack' is a drug obtained from the:

Smack is a drug that can be obtained from the latex of \\(Papaver\,somniferum\\).

Q: Abrupt discontinuation of regular dose of drugs/ alcohol generates

Abrupt discontinuation of regular doses of drugs/ alcohol generates withdrawal syndrome. These are the set of symptoms that occurs due to abrupt discontinuation or dosage reduction of drug or alcohol. Withdrawal syndrome includes tremors, hallucination, vomiting, anxiety, sweating, irritability, insomnia.Thus, the correct answer is 'Withdrawal syndrome'.

Q: Bhang, ganja and hashish (charas) are obtained from

Cannabis sativa is an annual herbaceous plant in the Cannabis genus, a species of the Cannabaceae family. People have cultivated Cannabis sativa throughout recorded history as a source of industrial fibre, seed oil, food, recreation, religious and spiritual moods and medicine. It's seeds are chiefly used to make hempseed oil which can be used for cooking, lamps, lacquers or paints. They can also be used as caged-bird feed, as they provide a moderate source of nutrients for most birds. The flowers contain psychoactive chemical compounds, known as cannabinoids that are consumed for recreational, medicinal, and spiritual purposes. When so used, preparations of flowers (marijuana) and leaves and preparations derived from resinous extract (e.g., hashish) are consumed by smoking, vaporizing and oral ingestion. Historically, tinctures, teas and ointments have also been common preparations. In traditional medicine of India, in particular, Cannabis sativa has been used as hallucinogenic, hypnotic, sedative, analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. Bhang, ganja and hashish (charas) are obtained from Cannabis sativa. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Q: Incidence of Emphysema - a respiratory disorder is high in cigarette smokers. In such cases

Emphysema is. a condition of short breath due to breakdown of alveolar wall and'reduction of respiratory area due to smoking.

Q: Which of the following is a hypnotic drug

These drugs produce sleep and are habit forming common example of hypnotic drugs are Luminal and Saconal.

Q: Name the plant source of the drug popularly called smack. How does it affect the body of the abuser?

Heroin, commonly called smack is chemically diacetylmorphine which is a white, odourless, bitter crystalline compound. This is obtained by acetylation of morphine, which is extracted from the latex of poppy plant Papaver somniferum. Generally taken by snorting and injection, heroin is a depressant and slows down body functions.

Biology

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Addiction

Addiction is the habitual, physiological and psychological dependence on a substance or practice which is beyond voluntary control. For example, smoking, consuming tobacco, drug addiction etc.

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Withdrawal symptoms

Withdrawal symptoms include anxiety, nervousness, irritability, depression, insomnia, dryness of throat, disturbed bowels, lack of concentration, increased appetite and craving for tobacco.

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Methods of de-addiction

Methods of de-addiction include

Psychotherapy
Replacement therapy

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Drug withdrawal symptoms

Severe hypertension and sympathetic overactivity may occur just after discontinuing Clonidine.
Acute adrenal deficiency may occur due to sudden stoppage of corticosteriod treatment.
Frequency of seizures may increase by abrupt withdrawal of an antipileptic.
Worsening of angina pectoris may result from sudden stoppage of certain drugs.