The fission properties of \\(^{239}_{94}Pu\\) are very similar to those of \\(^{235}_{92}U\\). The average energy released per fission is 180 MeV. How much energy, in MeV, is released if all the atoms in 1 kg of pure \\(^{239}_{94}Pu\\) undergo fission?

Number of atoms in 1 kg of pure Pu=\\(\dfrac{6.023\times 10^{23}}{239}\times 1000=2.52\times 10^{24}\\)As average energy released in fission is \\(180 MeV\\), the total energy released is\\(\Rightarrow2.52\times 10^{24}\times 180MeV\\)\\(\Rightarrow4.53\times 10^{26}MeV\\).

Why high temperature is required for Nuclear fusion ?

Fusion reaction takes place at temperatures around \\(10^7k\\). It requires this high temperature so that nucleus start moving at rapidly speed, which in turn increases their kinetic, so that they overcome the repulsion between them and can come together.

The necessary condition for nuclear fusion is

High temperature - The high temperature gives the hydrogen atoms enough energy to overcome the electrical repulsion between the protons.High pressure - Pressure squeezes the hydrogen atoms together. They must be within \\(1\times10^{-15}\\) meters of each other to fuse.

The equation, \\( 4_1H^1 \rightarrow [ _2He^4]^{2+} + 2e^- ; + 26 MeV \\) represents :

According to the question, hydrogen is converted into helium and two position and energy. Here, this reaction corresponding fusion.

In nuclear reaction \\(_{4}Be^{9}+_{2}He^{4} \rightarrow _{6}c^{12}\\)+X, X will be :

\\(_{4}Be^{9} + _{2}He^{4} \rightarrow _{6}C^{12} + X\\)No. of protons are already balanced with \\(C\\).\\(\therefore\\) \\(X\\) carries no charge.and \\( 9+4 > 12\\) by \\(1\\) unit mass.\\(\therefore\\) \\(X\\) carries one unit mass.It's a neutron.

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The correct equation of nuclear fusion reaction is

In nuclear fusion reactions, the heavy isotopes of Hydrogen take part like deuterium \\(_1H^2\\) and tritium \\(_1H^3\\) as they have extra neutron. Therefore, the reaction C is correct out of the given options.

The example of nuclear fusion is :

A helium nucleus is formed when \\(4\\) hydrogen nuclei or protons come together. Thus, the example of nuclear fusion is formation of helium from hydrogen

What is the source of energy in sun and stars ?

Nuclear fusion takes place in the sun and other stars.

The binding energies of the atoms of elements \\(P\\) and \\(Q\\) are \\(E_{p}\\) and \\(E_{Q}\\), respectively. Three atoms of element \\(Q\\) fuse to form one atom of element \\(P\\). In this process, the energy released is \\(e\\). The correct relation between \\(E_{P}, E_{Q}\\) and \\(e\\) will be

Binding energy of \\(3\\) \\(Q\\) elements will be \\(3E_Q\\)So, by energy conservation, binding energy of three \\(P\\) elements is equal to the sum of \\(Q\\) element's binding energy and the released energy.So, equation is \\(E_p + e = 3E_Q \\)\\(E_p = 3E_Q - e \\)

Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion | Definition, Examples, Diagrams

definition

Thermonuclear fusion

To generate useful amount of energy, nuclear fusion must occur in bulk matter. What is needed is to raise the temperature of the material until the particles have enough energy due to their thermal motions alone to penetrate the coulomb barrier. This process is called thermonuclear fusion.Thus, for thermonuclear fusion to take place, extreme conditions of temperature and pressure are required, which are available only in the interiors of stars including sun.

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Controlled thermonuclear reactions

The energy produced in thermonuclear reactions is extremely high but such reactions cannot be controlled. Another issue to consider in the controlled thermonuclear reaction is about containing it. The temperature of the hot plasma is so high that it cannot be in contact with any material. Therefore it has to be checked , but in such a way that there is no contact.There are a few ways to do this

Magnetic Confinement used as particles are charged.
Inertial Confinement rapid pulse dispensed to achieve required conditions.
Gravitational Confinement found only in stars.
Electrostatic Confinement confine ions using electrostatic field.

example

Examples of Nuclear Fusion Reactions

Nuclear fusion is a process when two or more nuclei combine to form a large nuclei and release some energy. These are the examples of Nuclear Fusion Reaction:

1.

_{6} C^{13} +_{1} H^{1} \to_{7} C^{14} + 4.3 M e V

_{6} C^{12} +_{1} H^{1} \to_{7} C^{13} + 2 M e V

_{7} C^{14} +_{1} H^{1} \to_{8} O^{15} + 7.3 M e V

Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion

definition

Thermonuclear fusion

definition

Controlled thermonuclear reactions

example

Examples of Nuclear Fusion Reactions

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