Name the hormones secreted by the following endocrine glands and specify one function:1. Thyroid2. Pituitary 3. Pancreas

Thyroid: Thyroxin hormone is secreted; regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism so as to provide best balance for growth.Pituitary: Human Growth Hormone, Regulates growth and development, deficiency leads to dwarfism, gigantism if excessive production takes place.Pancreas: Secretes insulin, regulates blood sugar levels.

Which of the following is not present in pancreatic juice?

Pancreatic juice is secreted by the pancreas, which contains a variety of enzymes, including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase and amylase. Pepsin in not present in pancreatic juice. It is secreted by the peptic cells of the stomach.

Select the incorrect statement

LH is a Luteinizing hormone produced by the gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. It plays an important role in puberty, menstruation, and fertility. It triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In male, LH triggers the secretion of androgen called as testosterone from the Leydig cells. FSH is follicle-stimulating hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. It helps in regulation of development, growth, pubertal maturation and reproductive processes of the body. It stimulates the Sertoli cells of the testicles and helps in spermatogenesis, production of sperm. During the follicular phase, the LH and FSH increase gradually. They stimulate follicular development and estrogen secretion by follicular cells.Thus, the correct answer is 'LH and FSH decrease gradually during the follicular phase.'

Which of the following causes an increase in sodium reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule?

Correct Option: AExplanation:Aldosterone is secreted from the adrenal cortex. The main function of aldosterone is to serve as a stimulant of the renal absorption of sodium ions and water. This leads to the increment of the blood volume. When the aldosterone level is reduced, it helps to increase the sodium secretion by Distal Convoluted Tubules.

Match the following hormones with the respective disease.(a) Insulin(i) Addison's disease(b) Thyroxin(ii) Diabetes insipidus(c ) Corticoids(iii) Acromegaly(d) Growth Hormone(iv) Goitre(v) Diabetes mellitusSelect the correct option.

∙∙ Insulin deficiency leads to diabetes mellitus∙∙ Hypersecretion or hyposecretion of thyroxine can be associated with enlargement of thyroid gland called goitre.∙∙ Deficiency of corticoids (Glucocorticoid ++ mineralocorticoid) leads to Addison's disease∙∙ Growth hormone hypersecretion in adults leads to Acromegaly.So, the correct answer is '(a)-(v), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)'

What is meant by control and co-ordination?

Control is the power of restraining and regulation by which something can be started, slowed down or stopped. Co-ordination is the working together of various agents of the body of an organism in a proper manner to produce an appropriate reaction to a stimulus is called coordination. For example, the nervous system and endocrine system act in a coordinated manner for the proper regulation of body activities.

Which of the following hormones is not secreted by anterior pituitary?

Hypothalamus secretes oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin) that is stored and released by neurohypophysis. Therefore, it is not secreted by anterior pituitary.So, the correct answer is 'Oxytocin'

Which is the largest endocrine gland in the human body?

The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland in the body. It is located in the neck, below the larynx, and in front of the trachea.It secretes thyroid hormone, which regulates important metabolic processes connected to our heart rate, body temperature, and energy levels.So, the correct answer is option A.

The posterior lobe of pituitary gland is not a 'true' endocrine gland because:

Oxytocin and vasopressin hormones are produced by the hypothalamus but stored and are released into the bloodstream via the posterior pituitary. That's the reason why it is not a true endocrine gland. Endocrine glands are the ductless glands that secrete and release hormones in the blood directly. Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Which one of the following pairs correctly matches a hormone with a disease resulting from its deficiency : -

Gigantism is a rare condition of accelerated growth and increased height as a result of too much growth hormone secretion during childhood or adolescence. It is almost always the result of a growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumour. Congenital hypothyroidism (under activity of the thyroid gland at birth), which results in growth retardation, developmental delay, and other abnormal features. Cretinism can be due to a deficiency of iodine in the mother's diet during pregnancy.Hypoparathyroidism is decreased function of the parathyroid glands with underproduction of parathyroid hormone. This can lead to low levels of calcium in the blood, often causing cramping and twitching of muscles or tetany (involuntary muscle contraction) and several other symptoms.Diabetes mellitus occurs due to insulin resistance or insulin deficiency and subsequent high blood glucose levels. Diabetes Insipidus, on the other hand, develops as a result of the stilted production of a hormone in the brain, which is released to stop the kidneys producing so much urine in order to retain water.So, the correct answer is 'Parathyroid hormone Tetany'.

Pituitary Gland | Definition, Examples, Diagrams

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Hormones from anterior pituitary gland

Hormones from anterior pituitary gland are as follows:

Growth hormones: Promote growth of whole body, particularly of the skeleton.
Thyroid stimulating hormone: Stimulates thyroid to secrete thyroxine.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone: Stimulate adrenal cortex.
Gonadotrophic hormone: Regulates the activity of gonads (testes and ovaries).

definition

Pituitary gland- origin and location

The pituitary gland is a tiny organ present at the base of the brain. It is called the master gland of the body since it's secretions control hormone secretion from many glands in the body.
Origin
Develops from the ectoderm layer of the embryo
Location
Located below the hypothalamus in a bony cavity called sella tursica (small depression in the sphenoid bone)

definition

Hormones of the Pituitary gland (Anterior pituitary/Pars distalis)

The anterior pituitary gland (Adenohypophysis) secretes several important hormones. The various hormones and their functions are as follows
Growth hormone (GH)

Also called somatotropin
Promote growth of whole body, particularly of the skeleton.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Also called Thyrotropin
Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine.

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Also called corticotropin
Stimulate adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

FSH and LH together are called the gonadotropins
Stimulates egg formation in females and sperm formation in males.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Induces ovulation of the graffian follicles (fully mature follicles)
Maintains the corpus luteum formed after ovulation.
It also stimulates the synthesis and secretion of androgens (hormones) from the testis

Prolactin

It promotes mammary gland development and milk production

definition

Hormones of the Pituitary gland (Pars intermedia)

Though the pars intermedia (of the adenohypophysis in the pituitary gland) of humans is almost fused with the pars distalis. It still secretes MSH hormone.
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Stimulates the synthesis of melanin pigment (the pigment responsible for the skin colour) in the melanocytes.
The hormone causes dispersal of melanin in chromatophores (present in melanocytes) causing darkening of the skin.

definition

Hormones of the Pituitary gland (Posterior pituitary/ Neurohypophysis)

The posterior pituitary gland/neurohypophysis does not synthesize any hormones. It contains the unmyelinated axons of the hypothalamus which secrete 2 hormones; The vasopressin and the oxytocin. These are stored in the neurohypophysis.
Vasopressin

Also called as Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH) as it prevents diuresis (frequent urination)
It controls the water level in the body preventing the loss of water through urine.
It acts on the nephrons of the kidney and increases the reabsorption of water into the blood. ADH reduces urine volume
It also causes vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels) hence the name vasopressin.
Both water reabsorption into the blood and vasoconstriction lead to increased blood pressure

Oxytocin

Stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth.
Stimulates the production of prostaglandins which increases the muscle contractions even more during childbirth.
Stimulates ejection of milk from the breast during suckling.

definition

Pituitary gland- Detailed structure

The pituitary gland is the 'master gland' located at the base of the brain. It is attached to the hypothalamus with an infundibulum (stalk). The structure of pituitary can be anatomically divided into 2; Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis
Adenohypophysis

It consists of 3 portions; pars distalis, pars intermedia and pars tuberalis.
Pars distalis region of pituitary is referred to as anterior pituitary.
Pars intermedia region is almost merged with pars distalis in humans.
Pars tuberalis wraps the pituitary stalk with a sheath of cells.
The anterior pituitary produces various hormones (e.g. Growth hormone)

Neurohypophysis

It is also called pars nervosa/ posterior pituitary gland.
A major portion of the posterior pituitary gland consists of unmyelinated axons from hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons.
It stores the hormones (oxytocin and vasopressin) produced by the neurons of the hypothalamus.

definition

Hormones of the Pituitary gland

The anterior pituitary gland (Adenohypophysis), the pars intermedia and the posterior pituitary gland secrete several important hormones. The various hormones and their functions are as follows
Growth hormone (GH)

Also called somatotropin
Promote growth of whole body, particularly of the skeleton.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Also called Thyrotropin
Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine.

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Also called corticotropin
Stimulate adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

FSH and LH together are called the gonadotropins
Stimulates egg formation in females and sperm formation in males.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Induces ovulation of the graffian follicles (fully mature follicles)
Maintains the corpus luteum formed after ovulation.
It also stimulates the synthesis and secretion of androgens (hormones) from the testis

Prolactin

It promotes mammary gland development and milk production

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Stimulates the synthesis of melanin pigment (the pigment responsible for the skin colour) in the melanocytes.
The hormone causes dispersal of melanin in chromatophores (present in melanocytes) causing darkening of the skin.

Vasopressin

Also called as Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH) as it prevents diuresis (frequent urination)
It controls the water level in the body preventing the loss of water through urine.
It acts on the nephrons of the kidney and increases the reabsorption of water into the blood. ADH reduces urine volume
It also causes vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels) hence the name vasopressin.
Both water reabsorption into the blood and vasoconstriction lead to increased blood pressure

Oxytocin

Stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth.
Stimulates the production of prostaglandins which increases the muscle contractions even more during childbirth.
Stimulates ejection of milk from the breast during suckling.

definition

Pituitary gland

Also called somatotropin
Promote growth of whole body, particularly of the skeleton.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Also called Thyrotropin
Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine.

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Also called corticotropin
Stimulate adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

FSH and LH together are called the gonadotropins
Stimulates egg formation in females and sperm formation in males.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Induces ovulation of the graffian follicles (fully mature follicles)
Maintains the corpus luteum formed after ovulation.
It also stimulates the synthesis and secretion of androgens (hormones) from the testis

Prolactin

It promotes mammary gland development and milk production

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Stimulates the synthesis of melanin pigment (the pigment responsible for the skin colour) in the melanocytes.
The hormone causes dispersal of melanin in chromatophores (present in melanocytes) causing darkening of the skin.

Vasopressin

Also called as Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH) as it prevents diuresis (frequent urination)
It controls the water level in the body preventing the loss of water through urine.
It acts on the nephrons of the kidney and increases the reabsorption of water into the blood. ADH reduces urine volume
It also causes vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels) hence the name vasopressin.
Both water reabsorption into the blood and vasoconstriction lead to increased blood pressure

Oxytocin

Stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth.
Stimulates the production of prostaglandins which increases the muscle contractions even more during childbirth.
Stimulates ejection of milk from the breast during suckling.

definition

Pituitary disorders

The pituitary gland is the 'master control gland" any changes in its normal functioning can affect various parts of the body. Some of the pituitary disorders include

Pituitary dwarfism
Gigantism
Acromegaly
Diabetes insipidus
Simmond's disease
High blood levels of ADH

definition

Disorders of the Pituitary gland- Pituitary Dwarfism

Dwarfism is a condition in which the growth of a person is very slow or delayed; as a result, they have smaller body size than the adults.
Causes

Pituitary dwarfism is a result of a deficiency of anterior pituitary secretion (panhypopituitarism) during childhood.
Craniopharyngiomas (type of brain ) or chromophobe tumours compress and destroy the anterior pituitary gland
Thrombosis (blood clot) in the pituitary blood vessels.

Symptoms

Though the body parts develop in appropriate proportion to one another there is decrease in the rate of development and the overall size of the body
Some people do not pass through puberty or develop adult sexual functions
If this condition arises in adults (with normal growth) then they have complications like lethargy, hypothyroidism, decreased gonadotropins leading to loss of sexual functions.

definition

Disorders of Pituitary gland- Gigantism

Excess production of growth hormone (in pre-adolescence) can lead to a condition called gigantism in which all body tissues grow rapidly including the bones.
If the condition occurs in adolescence before the bones are completely grown (i.e. before the epiphyses of the long bones have become fused with the shafts) the person grows to be a giant (up to 8 feet tall).
Causes

Excess secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary.
usually because of a tumour of the pituitary gland that grows until the gland itself is destroyed

Symptoms

Giant body
Hyperglycemia (increased blood glucose levels)
Some of them develop diabetes mellitus

definition

Disorders of Pituitary gland- Acromegaly

Acromegaly is a condition in which there is enlargement of certain bones like; the bones of the hands and feet, the cranium, forehead, nose, lower jawbone, and portions of the vertebrae.
They are enlarged because their growth does not stop at adolescence.
Causes

Excess production of growth hormone from the pituitary after adolescence i.e. after the bones are completely grown (i.e. before the epiphyses of the long bones have become fused with the shafts)
Usually because of a pituitary tumour
Usually because of a pituitary tumour

Symptoms

Enlarged bones
Kyphosis (hunched back, because of enlargement of vertebrae)
Enlargement of organs like tongue, liver and kidneys

definition

Disorders of Pituitary gland- Diabetes insipidus

Diabetes insipidus is a condition which results in the formation of a large volume of dilute urine (close to 15 Liters/day).
It is of two types; central diabetes insipidus and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
Causes

Central diabetes insipidus is due to inability of the posterior pituitary to produce or release enough vasopressin or Anti-Diuretic hormone (Diuresis- formation of excess urine)
Common causes include; Injury to pituitary or hypothalamus or head, surgery, a tumour, an illness (such as meningitis).

Symptoms

Extreme thirst
Excessive urination
Severe dehydration

(a) Insulin	(i) Addison's disease
(b) Thyroxin	(ii) Diabetes insipidus
(c ) Corticoids	(iii) Acromegaly
(d) Growth Hormone	(iv) Goitre
	(v) Diabetes mellitus

definition

Hormones from anterior pituitary gland

definition

Pituitary gland- origin and location

definition

Hormones of the Pituitary gland (Anterior pituitary/Pars distalis)

definition

Hormones of the Pituitary gland (Pars intermedia)

definition

Hormones of the Pituitary gland (Posterior pituitary/ Neurohypophysis)

definition

Pituitary gland- Detailed structure

definition

Hormones of the Pituitary gland

definition

Pituitary gland

definition

Pituitary disorders

definition

Disorders of the Pituitary gland- Pituitary Dwarfism

definition

Disorders of Pituitary gland- Gigantism

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Disorders of Pituitary gland- Acromegaly

definition

Disorders of Pituitary gland- Diabetes insipidus

REVISE WITH CONCEPTS

Hypothalamus

Adrenal Glands

Pineal Gland

Pancreas

Thyroid Gland

Parathyroid Glands

Testes and Ovaries

Thymus Gland

Quick Summary With Stories

Pituitary Gland

Name the hormones secreted by the following endocrine glands and specify one function:1. Thyroid2. Pituitary 3. Pancreas

Which of the following is not present in pancreatic juice?

Select the incorrect statement

Which of the following causes an increase in sodium reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule?

Match the following hormones with the respective disease.(a) Insulin(i) Addison's disease(b) Thyroxin(ii) Diabetes insipidus(c ) Corticoids(iii) Acromegaly(d) Growth Hormone(iv) Goitre(v) Diabetes mellitusSelect the correct option.

What is meant by control and co-ordination?

Which of the following hormones is not secreted by anterior pituitary?

Which is the largest endocrine gland in the human body?

The posterior lobe of pituitary gland is not a 'true' endocrine gland because:

Which one of the following pairs correctly matches a hormone with a disease resulting from its deficiency : -

Name the hormones secreted by the following endocrine glands and specify one function:
1. Thyroid
2. Pituitary
3. Pancreas

Match the following hormones with the respective disease.
(a) Insulin (i) Addison's disease
(b) Thyroxin (ii) Diabetes insipidus
(c ) Corticoids (iii) Acromegaly
(d) Growth Hormone (iv) Goitre

(v) Diabetes mellitus
Select the correct option.