Name the hormones secreted by the following endocrine glands and specify one function:1. Thyroid2. Pituitary 3. Pancreas

Thyroid: Thyroxin hormone is secreted; regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism so as to provide best balance for growth.Pituitary: Human Growth Hormone, Regulates growth and development, deficiency leads to dwarfism, gigantism if excessive production takes place.Pancreas: Secretes insulin, regulates blood sugar levels.

Which of the following is not present in pancreatic juice?

Pancreatic juice is secreted by the pancreas, which contains a variety of enzymes, including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase and amylase. Pepsin in not present in pancreatic juice. It is secreted by the peptic cells of the stomach.

Select the incorrect statement

LH is a Luteinizing hormone produced by the gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. It plays an important role in puberty, menstruation, and fertility. It triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In male, LH triggers the secretion of androgen called as testosterone from the Leydig cells. FSH is follicle-stimulating hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. It helps in regulation of development, growth, pubertal maturation and reproductive processes of the body. It stimulates the Sertoli cells of the testicles and helps in spermatogenesis, production of sperm. During the follicular phase, the LH and FSH increase gradually. They stimulate follicular development and estrogen secretion by follicular cells.Thus, the correct answer is 'LH and FSH decrease gradually during the follicular phase.'

Which of the following causes an increase in sodium reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule?

Correct Option: AExplanation:Aldosterone is secreted from the adrenal cortex. The main function of aldosterone is to serve as a stimulant of the renal absorption of sodium ions and water. This leads to the increment of the blood volume. When the aldosterone level is reduced, it helps to increase the sodium secretion by Distal Convoluted Tubules.

Match the following hormones with the respective disease.(a) Insulin(i) Addison's disease(b) Thyroxin(ii) Diabetes insipidus(c ) Corticoids(iii) Acromegaly(d) Growth Hormone(iv) Goitre(v) Diabetes mellitusSelect the correct option.

∙∙ Insulin deficiency leads to diabetes mellitus∙∙ Hypersecretion or hyposecretion of thyroxine can be associated with enlargement of thyroid gland called goitre.∙∙ Deficiency of corticoids (Glucocorticoid ++ mineralocorticoid) leads to Addison's disease∙∙ Growth hormone hypersecretion in adults leads to Acromegaly.So, the correct answer is '(a)-(v), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)'

What is meant by control and co-ordination?

Control is the power of restraining and regulation by which something can be started, slowed down or stopped. Co-ordination is the working together of various agents of the body of an organism in a proper manner to produce an appropriate reaction to a stimulus is called coordination. For example, the nervous system and endocrine system act in a coordinated manner for the proper regulation of body activities.

Which of the following hormones is not secreted by anterior pituitary?

Hypothalamus secretes oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin) that is stored and released by neurohypophysis. Therefore, it is not secreted by anterior pituitary.So, the correct answer is 'Oxytocin'

Which is the largest endocrine gland in the human body?

The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland in the body. It is located in the neck, below the larynx, and in front of the trachea.It secretes thyroid hormone, which regulates important metabolic processes connected to our heart rate, body temperature, and energy levels.So, the correct answer is option A.

The posterior lobe of pituitary gland is not a 'true' endocrine gland because:

Oxytocin and vasopressin hormones are produced by the hypothalamus but stored and are released into the bloodstream via the posterior pituitary. That's the reason why it is not a true endocrine gland. Endocrine glands are the ductless glands that secrete and release hormones in the blood directly. Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Which one of the following pairs correctly matches a hormone with a disease resulting from its deficiency : -

Gigantism is a rare condition of accelerated growth and increased height as a result of too much growth hormone secretion during childhood or adolescence. It is almost always the result of a growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumour. Congenital hypothyroidism (under activity of the thyroid gland at birth), which results in growth retardation, developmental delay, and other abnormal features. Cretinism can be due to a deficiency of iodine in the mother's diet during pregnancy.Hypoparathyroidism is decreased function of the parathyroid glands with underproduction of parathyroid hormone. This can lead to low levels of calcium in the blood, often causing cramping and twitching of muscles or tetany (involuntary muscle contraction) and several other symptoms.Diabetes mellitus occurs due to insulin resistance or insulin deficiency and subsequent high blood glucose levels. Diabetes Insipidus, on the other hand, develops as a result of the stilted production of a hormone in the brain, which is released to stop the kidneys producing so much urine in order to retain water.So, the correct answer is 'Parathyroid hormone Tetany'.

Testes and Ovaries | Definition, Examples, Diagrams

definition

Testis- Origin, Location and Structure

Testis are the male gonads which are the most important organs of the male reproductive system.
Origin

Develops from three different layers; The mesothelium (coelomic epithelium), the mesenchyme (intermediate mesoderm) and the primordial germ cells.

Location

These are present in a skin pouch called the scrotum located between the upper thighs

Structure

They are oval-shaped organs
They are made of approximately 900 seminiferous tubules and connective tissue called the stromal or interstitial tissue made of Leydig cells (present adjacent to the seminiferous tubules)
The seminiferous tubules consists of seratoli cells along with spermatocytes, spermataozoa and the spermatids.
The Leydig cells secrete the androgens (male sex hormones) and the seratoli cells are important for the formation of testis and the spermatogenesis.

definition

Hormones of the Testis

The testis produces various male hormones collectively called as the androgens.

The androgens include; testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and androstenedione.
Testosterone is considered to be the primary hormone as it is produced abundantly when compared to others.
However, dihydrotestosterone is the more active form. The testosterone is ultimately converted to the active form in the target tissues.
Androgens regulate the development, maturation and function of the male sex organs (e.g. epididymis, seminal vesicles etc.,)
They play an important role in spermatogenesis and male sexual behaviour
They also promote protein and carbohydrate synthesis.

definition

Ovaries- Origin, location and structure

The ovaries are the female gonads that are essential organs of the female reproductive system
Origin

Develops from three different layers; The mesothelium (coelomic epithelium), the mesenchyme (intermediate mesoderm) and the primordial germ cells.

Location

The ovaries lie in a shallow depression called the ovarian fossae, one on each side of the uterus.

Structure

They have an ovoid shape.
The ovary has 3 layers; the surface layer, the cortex and the medulla.
The surface layer is also called the germinal epithelium (made of simple cuboidal epithelium)
The cortex is made of follicles (surrounded by follicular cells) and connective tissue called the stroma.
Estrogen is made by the follicles and hormone-producing tissue in the stroma.
Medulla consists of supporting stroma and contains rich neurovascular network.

definition

Hormones of the Ovary

The ovaries secrete two types of female sex hormones called the estrogens and the progestins.
Estrogens

In non-pregnant females, they are predominantly secreted by the ovaries. However, during pregnancy, the placenta secretes a lot of estrogens.
The three types of estrogens are; $β$ -estradiol, estrone and estriol.
The most active and the principal estrogen produced by the ovaries is the $β$ -estradiol.
They play an important role in the growth and development of ovarian follicles and breast
They are responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics (e.g. high pitch voice)
They inhibit osteoclastic activity and stimulate bone growth. Osteoporosis in menopausal women is because of reduced estrogen levels.
They also influence the texture of the skin and female sexual behaviour

Progestins (Progesterone)

The progestins are secreted by the corpus luteum, a structure that is formed from the ruptured follicle (after ovulation/ later half of the ovarian cycle).
Most important progestin is the progesterone. Small amounts of 17- $α$ -hydroxyprogesterone is also secreted along with progesterone.
Placenta also secretes large amounts of progesterone during pregnancy.
The progestins mainly have 2 functions; prepare the uterus for pregnancy and prepare breasts for lactation.
Progesterone acts on mammary glands and stimulates the formation of milk storing sacs called alveoli and milk secretion.

definition

Testosterone

Testosterone is the male sex hormone secreted by the testes.

It regulates the development of sperms and the secondary sexual characteristics leading to puberty.

definition

Progesterone

Ovaries produce two hormones, namely, estrogen and progesterone.

Progesterone controls the uterine changes during menstrual cycle, and helps in the maintenance of pregnancy.

definition

Oestrogen

They are secreted by the cells of Graafian follicles.
It stimulates development of female secondary sex characteristics during puberty and maintain them through the reproductive years of adult life.

Testes and Ovaries

definition

Testis- Origin, Location and Structure

definition

Hormones of the Testis

definition

Ovaries- Origin, location and structure

definition

Hormones of the Ovary

definition

Testosterone

definition

Progesterone

definition

Oestrogen

REVISE WITH CONCEPTS

Hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland

Adrenal Glands

Pineal Gland

Pancreas

Thyroid Gland

Parathyroid Glands

Thymus Gland

Name the hormones secreted by the following endocrine glands and specify one function:
1. Thyroid
2. Pituitary
3. Pancreas

Which of the following is not present in pancreatic juice?

Select the incorrect statement

Which of the following causes an increase in sodium reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule?

Match the following hormones with the respective disease.
(a) Insulin (i) Addison's disease
(b) Thyroxin (ii) Diabetes insipidus
(c ) Corticoids (iii) Acromegaly
(d) Growth Hormone (iv) Goitre

(v) Diabetes mellitus
Select the correct option.

What is meant by control and co-ordination?

Which of the following hormones is not secreted by anterior pituitary?

Which is the largest endocrine gland in the human body?

The posterior lobe of pituitary gland is not a 'true' endocrine gland because:

Which one of the following pairs correctly matches a hormone with a disease resulting from its deficiency : -

(a) Insulin	(i) Addison's disease
(b) Thyroxin	(ii) Diabetes insipidus
(c ) Corticoids	(iii) Acromegaly
(d) Growth Hormone	(iv) Goitre
	(v) Diabetes mellitus