content Text

Haworth projection formulae is a structural representation of cyclic structure of monosaccharides either in pyranose or furanose form.

Carbohydrate which on hydrolysis give 2 - 10 molecules of monosaccharides . 

Type	General Formula	Examples
Disaccharides	$C_{12}$$H_{22}$$O_{11}$	Sucrose
Trisaccharides	$C_{18}$$H_{32}$$O_{16}$	Raffinose
Tetrasaccharides	$C_{24}$$H_{42}$$O_{21}$	Stachyrose

The amino acids which human body can not synthesize and must be supplied in the diet are called essential amino acids. Example, Valine, leucine etc.
The amino acids which are synthesized by the human body are termed as non-essential amino acids. Example, Glycine.

The bond formed by condensation of amino acid molecules is called as peptide bond or peptide linkage.

The lone pair of electrons on the N-atom in the peptide  bond is delocalized over the C=O group. As a result, carbon-nitrogen bond acquires some double bond character, because of that C-N bond is hindered and hindered rotation causes geometrical isomerism. Further because of much larger steric repulsions between R and R" group, cis isomer become less stable than trans isomers.

Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or large biomolecules, essential for all known forms of life. Nucleic acids, which include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are made from monomers known as nucleotides.