Question 1

Question 2

Give one example to show how the endocrine system coordinates our body activities.

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system coordinates our body activities by means of chemical substances called hormones. For example - Growth Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland stimulates the growth of muscles and bones in the body. Adrenaline secreted from the adrenal gland helps the body to fight in emergency situations. Few of its effects on the body are - more energy, increased physical strength, raised blood pressure, releases sugar from the liver etc.

Question 3

The given figure shows main endocrine glands in human body. Identify X, Y and Z and select the correct option.

Accepted Answer

X: Pituitary GlandY: Bronchial TubeZ: KidneyKidney is found in pair and works in coordination with sympathetic nervous system.So, option B is the correct option.

Question 4

Match list I with list II and choose the correct answer.List IList II(A)Hypothalamus(1)Sperm lysine(B)Acrosome (2)Estrogen(C)Graafian follicle(3)Relaxin(D)Leydig cells(4)GnRH(E)Parturition(5)Testosterone

Accepted Answer

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. It is produced by the hypothalamus. The acrosome contains digestive enzymes (hyaluronidase and acrosin). These enzymes break down the outer membrane of the ovum, called as the zona pellucida. The ovarian follicle ripens into the Graafian follicle and produces estrogen, which stimulates the proliferation of the endometrium and the enlargement of the uterine glands. Leydig cells produce testosterone in the presence of the luteinizing hormone. Relaxin is produced by the ovary and the placenta. Relaxin relaxes the intrauterine ligaments, allowing the uterus and pelvis to expand during childbirth (parturition).

Question 5

Which of the following statements are true with respect to the functions of hormones?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone secreted by the pituitary regulates the growth and development of the body.Insulin which is produced by the pancreas helps in regulating blood sugar levels.Thyroxin produced by the thyroid gland regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism in the body.So, the correct answer is option D.

Question 6

Hormones can be composed of

Accepted Answer

Hormones are grouped into three groups based on general structures as follows:Steroid hormones are fat-soluble molecules made from cholesterol. Among these are the three major sex hormones groups: estrogens, androgens, and progesterone. Males and females make all three, just in different amounts. Steroids pass into a cell's nucleus, bind to specific receptors and genes, and trigger the cell to make proteins.Amino acid derivatives, such as epinephrine, are water-soluble molecules derived from amino acids (the building blocks of protein). These hormones are stored in endocrine cells until needed. They act by binding to protein receptors on the surface of the cell or by binding to protein inside the cell.Polypeptide hormones like insulin, growth hormone and prolactin consist of long chains of amino acids, from several to 200 amino acids long. They are stored in endocrine cells until needed to regulate such processes as metabolism, lactation, growth, and reproduction.So, the correct answer is option D.

Question 7

Which of these functions is/are performed by hormones in our body?

Accepted Answer

The functions of Hormones are : 1. Hormones are produced by a specialized gland and are secreted directly into the bloodstream. 2. Hormones are transported by the bloodstream from the endocrine cells to serve as &#8216;chemi&#173;cal messenger&#8217; which act on target cells or organs by regulating the rates of specific metabolic reactions. 3. Hormones exert their effects not where they are locally produced, but on other tissues of the body. 4. Hormones are required in very small amounts and their effect may be excitatory or inhibitory depending upon their concentration and the physiological state of the responding tissue. Hence, Regulation of cellular activities and influencing growth, Regulation of intermediary metabolism and Maintenance of homoeostasis are the functions hormones perform in our body. So, the correct answer is 'All of the above'.

Question 8

What is pituitary gland? What is its function ?

Accepted Answer

The pituitary gland is the master endocrine gland located between the hypothalamus and the pineal gland in a depression called sella turcica in the sphenoid bone. The pituitary gland has two parts: The anterior pituitary which produces hormones that affect the breasts, adrenal glands, thyroid, ovaries and testes etc. The posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus which predominantly act on kidneys, uterus etc.

Question 9

Hypophysis is an alternative name for:

Accepted Answer

The pituitary gland, also called hypophysis, is a ductless gland of the endocrine system that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream. The anterior pituitary has the character of an epithelial gland, hence the alternative name of the adenohypophysis. Adeno means gland. The posterior pituitary is nervous tissue, hence the name neurohypophysis. It originates as an outgrowth from the diencephalic region that becomes the hypothalamus.

Question 10

Match the columns and find out the correct combinationAOxytocin(i)Stimulates ovulationBProlactin(ii)Implantation and maintanance of pregnancyCLH(iii)Uterine muscle contractionDProgesterone(iv)Lactation

Accepted Answer

A- iii: The hormone oxytocin is responsible for the rhythmic contractions of the uterus during parturition. B- iv: Prolactin is responsible for the lactation in which the milk formation takes place in the mammary glands of the pregnant female. C- i: LH surge is responsible for the ovulation in which the egg is released from the mature Graafian follicle. D- ii: Progesterone is responsible for the increase in the cell lining leading to implantation and maintenance of pregnancy.

Question 11

Identify X, Y and Z in the given flowchart and select the correct option.

Accepted Answer

Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced and released into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland. It controls production of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, by the thyroid gland by binding to receptors located on cells in the thyroid gland. When thyroid stimulating hormone binds to the receptor on the thyroid cells, this causes these cells to produce thyroxine and triiodothyronine and release them into the bloodstream.

Question 12

You see a dog running towards you and you felt that your respiration and heart beat has started increasing and then you also started running. Which hormone has been responsible for this?

Accepted Answer

The adrenal medulla secretes adrenalin hormone and noradrenaline hormone in response to the stress of any emergency situations (for instance, observing a fear from a dog, tiger, bat, etc). This hormone increases sweating, heart beat, piloerection, etc. Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex. It stimulates RBC production, maintains the cardiovascular system, kidney functions, and has the property of anti-insulin.Insulin hormone is secreted by the pancreas gland, it promotes protein synthesis and glycogenesis (converts glucose into glycogen).Thyroxine release from the thyroid gland. It regulates the metabolic rate of the body and BMR, body temperature, metamorphosis, mental development, etc.Hence, the correct answer is option A.

Question 13

Glucocorticoid hormones are secreted by the:

Accepted Answer

(a) The adrenal medulla secretes two hormones called adrenaline and noradrenaline.(b) The pancreas is a composite glans that acts as both exocrine and endocrine glands. The endocrine pancreas consists of Islets of Langerhans. (c) Parafollicular cells are neuroendocrine cells in the thyroid whose primary function is to secrete calcitonin.(d) The adrenal cortex secretes many hormones called corticoids. The corticoids which are involved in carbohydrate metabolism are called glucocorticoids. So the correct option is adrenal cortex.

Question 14

Very short answer type.Name two catecholamines produced by adrenal medulla.

Accepted Answer

The two catecholamines produced by adrenal medulla are adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones are secreted during fight or flight situations.

Question 15

Cause of Addison's disease is

Accepted Answer

Addison's disease occurs when the adrenal cortex is damaged. This causes the adrenal glands to produce low concentrations of the steroid hormones. The steroid hormones produced by the adrenal gland are called as cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol regulates the body's reaction to stressful situations. Aldosterone helps with sodium and potassium regulation.Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Question 16

Cushing's disease is caused by

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by anterior pituitary which targets the adrenal cortex to stimulate secretion of corticoids and sex hormones. Excessive ACTH secretion results in hyperproduction of adrenal cortex hormones. Excess cortisol causes deposition of subcutaneous fat and stimulated muscle protein metabolism and finally leads to diabetes mellitus. This makes option A incorrect as Cushing disease&#8217;s symptoms includes increased protein metabolism, obese trunk with normal arms and legs, stimulated reabsorption of water and sodium making the blood pH basic and causing hypertension also. Option C is incorrect as undersecretion of insulin causes diabetes mellitus type I which is characterized by acidic pH, increased fat metabolism and formation of ketone bodies. Correct answer is B.

Question 17

The letter 'T' in T-lymphocyte refers to

Accepted Answer

T- cell (also called T lymphocyte), is a type of leukocyte that is an essential part of the immune system. 'T' cells originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus. In the thymus, T cells multiply and differentiate into helper, regulatory, or cytotoxic T cells. They are then circulated in the blood or lymphatic system. Hence, the letter 'T' means thymus gland.

Question 18

Pineal body originates from

Accepted Answer

\large	extbf{Correct Option: A} 	extbf{Solution} \bullet  The pineal gland is an endocrine gland near the brain which secretes melatonin which modulates sleep patterns.  \bullet  The pineal gland is present exactly in the dorsal part of the diencephalon.  \bullet  Diencephalon is present posterior to the cerebrum.Hence the correct answer is A) Dorsal part of diencephalon.

Question 19

Damage to thymus in a child may lead to

Accepted Answer

Correct option: AExplanation:Thymus gland produce mature T cells or T lymphocytes, which fights against infections in the body. These with B cells provide primary protection to the body from any bacteria, virus or foreign antigens. If any damage occurs to thymus gland in a child, it will effect the immunity and growth of the body and the child will become more prone to diseases. It will also effect the T cell production and lead to loss of cell mediated immunity in the body. A reduction in the haemoglobin content in blood leads to Anemia. A reduction in the amount of plasma proteins leads to Hypoproteinemia.Loss of antibody mediated immunity or humoral immunity leads to loss of B cells.Thus, Option A is correct.

Question 20

Which hormone is secreted more in dark condition?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland.  Melatonin is secreted more when it is dark which explains melatonin's role in sleep.Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Question 21

Ageing is caused by disappearance of OrWhich one of the following is gradually reduced and degenerated in ageing according to immunity theory OrWhich is called &#34;Clock of ageing&#34;

Accepted Answer

The thymus gland is a small irregular shaped gland in the mediastinum. The gland is part of both endocrine systems as well as the lymphatic system of the body. This gland gradually reduces in size as the age of person advances thus it is degenerated in ageing according to the immunity theory. Thus, the gland is also called a 'Clock of Ageing'.So, the correct answer is 'Thymus'.

Question 22

Depict the correct site of hormone synthesis in the islets of Langerhans.

Accepted Answer

Pancreas contain several hundred clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans. The islets are endocrine tissue containing four types of cells. They are the: beta cells, which secrete insulin; alpha cells, which secrete glucagon; delta cells, which secrete somatostatin, and gamma cells, which secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

Question 23

The source of somatostatin is same as that of

Accepted Answer

Correct option: BExplanation:The source of somatostatin is same as that of insulin and glucagon. Somatostatin is produced by the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans in pancreas. It blocks the secretion of insulin and glucagon from adjacent beta and alpha cells and have the same source of secretion as them.Thyroxine and calcitonin are produced by thyroid gland. Whereas, somatotropin or growth hormone, prolactin, vasopressin and oxytocin are produced by pituitary glands. These hormones are not produced by pancreas and have different sources not same as somatostatin.Thus, Option B is correct.

Question 24

Match the following.

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid gland is the gland which secretes parathormone or parathyroid hormone (PTH). The hormone is responsible for regulation of calcium in the blood. The hormone increases the uptake of calcium by the bones during calcification.Pancreas have three types of cells, namely, alpha, beta and delta cells. Beta cells secrete insulin which regulate blood sugar level. The hormone increases the uptake of glucose by the cells and stimulates the cell to perform glycolysis (glucose break down).Thyroxine is the hormone required for the growth and development of body by controlling the BMR. Lack of thyroxine in infants and young children results in cretinism. Cretinism is a condition resulting in severe growth delay and mental retardation.Thymus is the gland present in the neck region. The gland grows up to maximum limit till puberty. After puberty, the gland undergoes gradual involution. Involution means atrophy where the tissue gets replaced by fat.

Question 25

Ca ^{2+}  level is controlled by

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin hormone, secreted by thyroid gland in response to increased blood calcium level, stimulates temporary reduction in number and activity of osteoclasts and thereby reducing the blood calcium level to normal. Parathyroid hormone of parathyroid gland reduces the blood phosphate level while increases the blood calcium level. Therefore, thyroid and parathyroid gland together maintain the blood glucose level to normal. This makes option D correct. Thyroxine is a thyroid hormone which targets all tissues and stimulates metabolic rate, growth and development. This makes option A incorrect. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is one of the gonadotropins secrete by anterior pituitary; FSH promote spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules of male and follicle development in females. Option B is incorrect. The endocrine parts of pancreas are islets of Langerhans that produce and secrete insulin and glucagon hormones. Insulin and glucagon together maintain the blood glucose level. This makes option C incorrect. Correct answer is D.

Question 26

Which glands secrete sex hormones?

Accepted Answer

Testes in animals are the organs that produce sperm, the male reproductive cell and androgens, the male hormones. In humans, the testes occur as a pair of oval-shaped organs. They are contained within the scrotal sac, which is located directly behind the penis and in front of the anus.The testes are responsible for the production of sperm cells and the male sex hormone testosterone. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. Each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. The ovaries produce eggs (ova) and female hormones.

Question 27

The sources of the hormones designated by curve are:

Accepted Answer

FSH (II) is secreted by anterior pituitary during the follicular phase. LH (I) surge at day 14 causes rupture of Graffian follicle and release of the ovum. Both LH and FSH exhibit peak during ovulation after which progesterone (IV) secreted by corpus luteum present in ovary exert feedback inhibition on anterior pituitary causing reduction in gonadotropin (FSH and LH) secretion. During the follicular phase, estrogen (III) is secreted by developing follicles present in ovary and level is at peak during 12-14 days of the cycle which in turn cause LH surge and ovulation. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Question 28

Write the names of male and female sex hormones. Draw a labelled diagram of male endocrine glands.

Accepted Answer

Male sex hormone is testosterone and female sex hormone is osterogen. These are responsible for secondary sexual characters.

Question 29

Match the columns

Accepted Answer

1. Corpus Luteum secretes the hormone progesterone.2. Leydig cells produce the male sex hormone testosterone.3. The blastocyst possesses an inner cell mass which subsequently forms the embryo.4. Nourishment of young one after birth is done from the milk secreted by the mammary glands by the action of the hormone prolactin.

Question 30

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the kidney?

Accepted Answer

The human kidney secretes many hormones: erythropoietin (EPO), calcitriol, vitamin  D_3 , as well as the enzyme renin. Thus, the correct answer is 'All of the above'.

Question 31

The cells in the wall of intestine are stimulated to produce secretin by

Accepted Answer

Secretin is a hormone of the gastrointestinal tract. It is secreted by the duodenal wall of the small intestine when hydrochloric acid passes from the stomach into the duodenum, secretin is released into the bloodstream. This hormone stimulates pancreas for synthesis and secretion of non enzymatic part of pancreatic juice. It also stimulates liver for secretion of bile juice and inhibit the gastric acid secretion in stomach and reduce rate of contraction of stomach.

Question 32

Atrial natriuretic factor is released by

Accepted Answer

ANF(Atrial natriuretic factor) is a protein hormone which is secreted by the atrial wall in response to the high blood volume and high blood pressure into the circulatory blood. ANP  maintains the homeostasis of electrolytes by binding to an ANP Receptor -Antagonist. Binding causes the increase in renal sodium excretion, which results in a decreased ECF and blood volume. Hence Atrial natriuretic factor is released by Heart.So, the correct answer is 'Heart'.

Question 33

Chemical Control And Integration