Q: Given below is a diagrammatic representation of the duct systems of the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas. If the duct labeled 'A' is blocked, which of the following will not occur in the body?

\textbf{Correct answer: D} \textbf{Option (A) and (C):} \bullet The duct which is labelled as 'A' is called the hepatopancreatic duct. \bullet The secretion of bile from the liver is possible with the hepatic duct from the liver. \textbf{Option (B):} \bullet The concentrated bile juice contains bile pigments and bile juice is secreted from the liver and is stored in the gall bladder. \textbf{Option (D):} \bullet If the hepatopancreatic duct is blocked in the pancreatic juice containing the pancreatic enzymes and bile juice. \bullet The pancreatic juice contains pancreatic amylase which facilities the digestion of carbohydrates. \bullet The pancreatic juice contains trypsinogen which gets activated to trypsin. Trypsin is responsible for the digestion of proteins. \bullet The pancreatic juice contains pancreatic lipase and along with it, bile pigment is responsible for the proper digestion of fats. \bullet Digestion of all carbohydrates, proteins and fats is affected when the hepatopancreatic duct is blocked. Hence, the correct answer is option (D).

Q: Why are villi present in the intestine and not in the stomach?

The small intestine is mainly responsible for the absorption process. The villi and microvilli increase the surface area of absorption. The more is the amount of absorbed food, the more would be its availability to the cells of the body. The stomach, on the other hand, is an organ that primarily stores food temporarily along with helping in digesting proteins. Hence, the presence of villi is more justified in the small intestine and not in the stomach.

Question 1

If for some reason the parietal cells of the gut epithelium become partially nonfunctional, what is likely to happen:

Accepted Answer

Correct Answer: (B) Proteins will not be adequately hydrolyzed by pepsin to proteases and peptones.Explanation:Parietal or oxyntic cells are the cells present in the gastric glands.Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and an intrinsic factor.This HCl converts pepsinogen and prorenin into active enzymes pepsin and rennin.These enzymes only operate in an acidic medium provided by HCl.Pepsin hydrolyses proteins into peptones and larger peptides and rennin is a proteolytic enzyme found only in infants.If parietal cells become partially non-functional then the formation of active proteolytic enzymes, pepsin does not take place, and protein will not be hydrolyzed.Hence, the correct answer is Proteins will not be adequately hydrolyzed by pepsin to proteases and peptones.

Question 2

A patient had stunted growth, swelling on face, discolouration of hair and skin disease. Doctor advised him to eat a lot of pulses, grams, egg white, milk, etc. What is wrong with the patient? Explain.

Accepted Answer

Deficiency of proteins leads to symptoms like stunted growth, swelling on the face, discolouration of hair and skin diseases.Hence, the patient is not taking enough protein in his diet. This is the reason why the doctor advised him to eat a lot of pulses, grams, egg white, milk, etc.

Question 3

Given below is a diagrammatic representation of the duct systems of the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas. If the duct labeled 'A' is blocked, which of the following will not occur in the body?

Accepted Answer

extbf{Correct answer: D}   	extbf{Option (A) and (C):}   \bullet  The duct which is labelled as 'A' is called the hepatopancreatic duct.  \bullet  The secretion of bile from the liver is possible with the hepatic duct from the liver.  	extbf{Option (B):}   \bullet  The concentrated bile juice contains bile pigments and bile juice is secreted from the liver and is stored in the gall bladder.  	extbf{Option (D):}   \bullet  If the hepatopancreatic duct is blocked in the pancreatic juice containing the pancreatic enzymes and bile juice.  \bullet  The pancreatic juice contains pancreatic amylase which facilities the digestion of carbohydrates.  \bullet  The pancreatic juice contains trypsinogen which gets activated to trypsin. Trypsin is responsible for the digestion of proteins.  \bullet  The pancreatic juice contains pancreatic lipase and along with it, bile pigment is responsible for the proper digestion of fats.  \bullet  Digestion of all carbohydrates, proteins and fats is affected when the hepatopancreatic duct is blocked. Hence, the correct answer is option (D).

Question 4

What will happen if the mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands?

Accepted Answer

Gastric glands in stomach release hydrochloric acid, enzyme pepsin and mucus. The mucus protects the inner lining of the stomach from the action of hydrochloric acid and enzyme pepsin. If mucus is not released, it will lead to erosion of inner lining of stomach, which may cause acidity and ulcer. Ultimately, mucus provides a protection against acids and enzymes in the stomach.

Question 5

Why are villi present in the intestine and not in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

The small intestine is mainly responsible&#10;for the absorption process. The villi and microvilli increase the surface area&#10;of absorption. The more is the amount of absorbed food, the more would be its&#10;availability to the cells of the body. The stomach, on the other hand, is an&#10;organ that primarily stores food temporarily along with helping in digesting&#10;proteins. Hence, the presence of villi is more justified in the small intestine&#10;and not in the stomach.

Question 6

What would happen if  HCl  is not secreted in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

HCl activates pepsinogen which is then converted into pepsin. This acts on proteins. In the absence of HCl, protein digestion does not take place. HCl also helps in killing the bacteria in the stomach.

Question 7

During dysentery people feel a sense of weakness. What could be the reason?

Accepted Answer

Dysentery is an intestinal infection that causes severe diarrhoea with blood in the stool. In some cases, mucus may also be found in the stool. This usually lasts for 3 to 7 days. Diarrhoea causes loss of body fluids which in turn results in loss of salts and minerals such as sodium, chloride, and potassium from the body. This leads to weakness in the body.

Question 8

Two friends are eating together at a dining table. One of them suddenly starts coughing while swallowing some food. This coughing would have been due to improper movement of:

Accepted Answer

Correct Option: AExplanation:The cartilaginous structure called epiglottis is a flap of elastic gristle tissue lined with mucosa, hooked up to the entrance of the vocal organ. It barriers the entry of food into the larynx and routes it to the esophagus.  One may instantly start coughing while swallowing food because of the improper movement of the epiglottis. Hence, improper movement of epiglottis leads to cough while swallowing food.

Digestion-and-absorption