Q: Match the following. Excretory organs of different animals are given below. Choose correctly and write in the space provided. Animal Excretory Organ

\textbf{Explanation:} \text{A)} Balanoglossus \text{6)} Proboscis gland \bullet In Balanoglossus , the excretory organ is the glomerulus or proboscis gland. This gland collects the waste from blood and pass on it to the coelom of proboscis from where it is finally excreted out through proboscis pore. \text{B)} Leech \text{2)} Nephridia \bullet Nephridia are segmentally arranged coiled tubes. Helps in excretion and osmoregulation. \text{C)} Locust \text{5)} Malpighian tubules \bullet Malpighian tubules, in insects, are the excretory organs and these are fine, long, blind tubules. These are generally located at the junction of midgut and hind gut. \text{D)} Liver fluke \text{3)} Flame cells \bullet Flame cells are the specialised cells of platyhelminthes which help in excretion as well as osmoregulation. They are also called solenocytes. \text{E)} Sea urchin \text{4)} Absent \bullet Excretory organs are absent, use diffusion to get rid of nitrogenous wastes from the body. \text{F)} Pila \text{1)} Metanephridia/organ of bojanus \bullet Paired bojanus organs are present in molluscans that serve the function of kidneys in mollusca.

Q: Earthworms are

Solution Correct answer is option B. Explanation for correct option: Ammonotelic organisms are organisms that excrete nitrogenous waste substances in the form of ammonia.A ureotelic organism excretes excess nitrogen as urea.An earthworm is both ureotelic and ammonotelic. It excretes waste in the form of urea when present in soil because of less water available in the soil.It turns ammonotelic when it is present in aquatic habitats as there is plenty of water available for ammonia to dissolve.

Q: Which of the following is the correct match with the function of a specific part of human nephron?

B. Podocytes-Create minute spaces (slit pores) for the filtration of blood into the Bowman's capsuleReason: Podocyte is an epithelial cell of the renal glomerulus. It is attached to the outer surface of the glomerular capillary basement membrane by cytoplasmic foot processes. They create minute spaces (slit pores) for the filtration of blood into the Bowman's capsule. Endothelial cells of the glomerular capillary loop and the glomerular basement membrane, they form a filtration barrier.

Question 1

Match the following. Excretory organs of different animals are given below. Choose correctly and write in the space provided.          Animal                                                                   Excretory Organ

Accepted Answer

extbf{Explanation:} 	ext{A)}   Balanoglossus                 	ext{6)}  Proboscis gland \bullet  In  Balanoglossus , the excretory organ is the glomerulus or proboscis gland. This gland collects the waste from blood and pass on it to the coelom of proboscis from where it is finally excreted out through proboscis pore. 	ext{B)}  Leech                                	ext{2)}  Nephridia \bullet  Nephridia are segmentally arranged coiled tubes.  Helps in excretion and osmoregulation. 	ext{C)}  Locust                               	ext{5)}  Malpighian tubules \bullet  Malpighian tubules, in insects, are the excretory organs and these are fine, long, blind tubules. These are generally located at the junction of midgut and hind gut. 	ext{D)}  Liver fluke                         	ext{3)}  Flame cells \bullet  Flame cells are the specialised cells of platyhelminthes which help in excretion as well as osmoregulation. They are also called solenocytes. 	ext{E)}  Sea urchin                         	ext{4)}  Absent \bullet  Excretory organs are absent, use diffusion to get rid of nitrogenous wastes from the body. 	ext{F)}   Pila                  	ext{1)}  Metanephridia/organ of bojanus                                                                                                              \bullet  Paired bojanus organs are present in molluscans that serve the function of kidneys in mollusca.

Question 2

Earthworms are

Accepted Answer

Solution&#10;&#10;Correct answer is option B.&#10;&#10;Explanation for correct&#10;option:&#10;&#10;Ammonotelic organisms are organisms that excrete nitrogenous waste substances in the form of ammonia.A ureotelic organism&#10;excretes excess nitrogen as urea.An earthworm is both&#10;ureotelic and ammonotelic. It excretes waste in the&#10;form of urea when present in soil because of less water available in the soil.It turns ammonotelic when&#10;it is present in aquatic habitats as there is plenty of water available for ammonia to dissolve. &#10;&#10;&#10;&#10;&#10;&#10;&#10;&#10;

Question 3

Land reptiles are

Accepted Answer

Birds, reptiles, and most terrestrial arthropods, such as insects, are called uricotelic organisms because they convert toxic ammonia to uric acid or the closely-related compound guanine (guano), rather than urea. In contrast, mammals (including humans) produce urea from ammonia. However, they also form some uric acid during the breakdown of nucleic acids. In this case, uric acid is excreted in urine instead of in feces, as is done in birds and reptiles.So, the correct option is 'Uricotelic'.

Question 4

The tube arising from the notch of the kidney on the median side and connecting behind with the urinary bladder is __________.

Accepted Answer

It is ureters that arises from the notch of the kidney on the median side and connecting behind with the urinary bladder. It carries urine. Muscle in the ureter walls constantly tighten and relax to force urine downward away from the kidneys.

Question 5

Choose the correct answers from the following given.The mammalian excretory system involves all of the following except

Accepted Answer

The excretory system in the mammals deals with the absorption on the basis of the permeability of the system , among all the options given the option other than the function of the excretory system is releasing nitrogenous wastes.Hence the correct answer is C .

Question 6

Which one is an accessory excretory organ?

Accepted Answer

An organ that helps in a process but is not part of the tract related to that biological process is called as accessory organ. For instance, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are not part of the digestive tract, but they have a role in digestive activities. The accessory digestive organs are the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.Hence, the answer is 'Liver'

Question 7

In the given diagram, what does 'a' represent

Accepted Answer

Correct Option: BExplanation:Renal pelvis, the enlarged upper part of the channel, the tube via which urine flows from the urinary organ to the vesica(urinary bladder).The space at the middle of the urinary organ. Urine stores here and is funneled into the channel, the tube that bridges the excretory organ to the bladder. Hence, 'a' in the diagram represents Renal Pelvis.

Question 8

The glomeruli are confined to the

Accepted Answer

The renal cortex is the outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla. The cortex contains the glomeruli and Bowman's capsules where filtration occurs. The renal artery enters the Bowman's capsule in the form of a tuft of capillaries known as a glomerulus. So, the correct answer is option C.

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct match with the function of a specific part of human nephron?

Accepted Answer

B. Podocytes-Create minute spaces (slit pores) for the&#10;filtration of blood into the Bowman's capsuleReason: Podocyte is an epithelial cell of the renal glomerulus.&#10;It is attached to the outer surface of the glomerular capillary basement&#10;membrane by cytoplasmic foot processes. They create minute spaces (slit pores)&#10;for the filtration of blood into the Bowman's capsule. Endothelial cells of the&#10;glomerular capillary loop and the glomerular basement membrane, they form a&#10;filtration barrier.

Question 10

Draw a labelled structure of nephron.

Accepted Answer

Nephrons are the basic filtering units of kidneys. Each kidney possesses a large number of nephrons, approximately 1-1.5 million. The main components of the nephron are glomerulus, Bowman&#8217;s capsule, and a long renal tubule.

Question 11

The glomerular filtrate generally consists of

Accepted Answer

The pressure difference in the afferent and efferent arterioles of the glomerulus leads to filtering of  blood substances from the basement membrane cells of the glomerulus. Most of the water, salts, urea, glucose are collected as solutes in the glomerular filtrate and is passed to the PCT.So, the correct answer is option C.

Question 12

The maximum amount of electrolytes and water (70-80%) from the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in which part of the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule is the first coiled segment of the renal tubule, which receives the plasma filtrate from the renal corpuscle and glomerulus. Most of the volume of the fitrate solution is reabsobed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).

Question 13

The function of counter current mechanism in kidney is

Accepted Answer

The flow of filtrate in the two limbs of Henle&#8217;s loop is in opposite directions and thus forms a counter current. The flow of blood through the two limbs of vasa recta is also in a countercurrent pattern. The proximity between the Henle&#8217;s loop and vasa recta, as well as the countercurrent in them, help in the formation of hypertonic urine and conserve water. Hence, the function of counter current mechanism in kidney is to conserve water.So,the correct answer is 'To conserve water'

Question 14

ADH influences water permeability in the

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, controls the amount of water reabsorbed from the collecting ducts and tubules in the kidney. The hypothalamus releases the ADH hormone. The ADH increases the water permeability for the collecting tubule.So, the correct option is 'Collecting tubule'.

Question 15

Mention the location and function of juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Accepted Answer

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a specialized structure formed by the distal convoluted tubule and the glomerular afferent arteriole. It is found between the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and the returning DCT of the same nephron. Function of JGA: Its main function is to regulate blood pressure and the filtration rate of the glomerulus. It secretes renin and erythropoietin. Renin controls RAAS and is responsible for osmoregulation.

Question 16

Atrial natriuretic hormone / factor (ANF) secreted by atrial wall of our heart has exactly the opposite hormone secreted by zona glomerula -

Accepted Answer

ADH is a hormone made by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It tells kidney how much water to conserve.ADH constantly regulates and balances the amount of water in bloodSo, the correct option is 'ADH'.

Question 17

The urinary bladder is muscular and is under ............ control.

Accepted Answer

The urinary bladder is made up of several detrusor muscles which mainly expands and contracts by the signals received by the autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves from the S2, S3 and S4 levels of spinal cord cause the upper part of the bladder to contract and bladder neck to relax, assisting in the process of micturition (urination). Sympathetic nerves from the  T_{11} - L_2  levels of spinal cord do the opposite, causing the upper section of the bladder to relax and the bladder neck to contract, ensuring urine storage.So, the correct answer is option C.

Question 18

The condition where urea accumulates in blood is

Accepted Answer

Uremia is an accumulation of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood, which are usually excreted by the kidneys into the urine.

Question 19

Select correct option for the following statement.a) It occurs due to bacterial infection.b) Back pain.c) Frequent urination.d) It is an inflammation of renal pelvis, intestinal tissue and calyces.

Accepted Answer

Nephritis is the inflammation of the kidneys, renal pelvis, intestinal tissue, and calyces. It occurs due to bacterial infection or toxins. Symptoms include back pain, pain in the pelvis, frequent urination, blood or pus in the urine, swelling in some body parts. Thus, the correct answer is 'nephritis.'

Question 20

What do you mean by kidney transplantation? Explain in brief.

Accepted Answer

Kidney Transplantation: In a human being when kidneys stop functioning and are not curable than a kidney of other healthy person is to be transplanted. The Kidney is obtained from a donor who may be deceased or alive. Kidney donor should be the nearest relative whose blood and tissue structures are to be similar.If unmatched kidney transplantation is done than the immune system of patient will not accept the transplanted kidney and it will not work properly so the patient may die. Although special medicines are given to a patient to inactivate the immune system and the possibility to accept the kidney of the donor is increased.

Question 21

During dialysis, which are the substances kept at a lower concentration than in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Hemodialysis removes wastes and water by circulating blood outside the body through an external filter, called a dialyzer, that contains a semipermeable membrane. The blood flows in one direction and the dialysate flows in the opposite. The counter-current flow of the blood and dialysate maximizes the concentration gradient of solutes between the blood and dialysate, which helps to remove more urea and creatinine from the blood. The concentrations of solutes (for example, potassium, phosphorus, and urea) are undesirably high in the blood but low or absent in the dialysis solution, and constant replacement of the dialysate ensures that the concentration of undesired solutes is kept low on this side of the membrane. So, the correct answer is 'Salt and urea'

Excretory Products And Their Elimination