Q: Common cold is not cured by antibiotics as it is

Correct option: A Explanation:The common cold is a viral infection and it can cause by different viruses, such as coronaviruses MERS and SARS. As it is a viral infection so giving antibiotics will not help the patient, as antibiotics are used for the treatment of infection caused by bacteria. Viruses are not living things they are not cells. Viruses are composed of two main components: genetic material can be either DNA or RNA and another is an outer coat of protein called a capsid. Viruses don't have a cell wall, ribosomes, cell membrane, therefore, they are unaffected by antibiotics as antibiotics act on the cell walls, ribosomes, and cell membrane, and some enzymes present in cells of bacteria. Hence, ‘Caused by the virus’ is the correct answer.

Question 1

Which of the following statements is correct?1. Common cold - Droplet infection.2. Typhoid - Contaminated food and water.3. AIDS - Shaking hands.4. Ringworm - Using infected towels.

Accepted Answer

Common cold can spread from one person to another as it is communicable in nature. A healthy person can get infected by being in close vicinity of an infected person when he/she sneezes, coughs, as the droplets generated by sneeze and cough contain infecting agents. Typhoid occurs by the intake of contaminated water and food while ringworm is one of the skin diseases which can spread from one person to another by the use of infected towels and handkerchiefs. AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency) is is spread via body fluids and does not spread by shaking hands.Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Question 2

Common cold is not cured by antibiotics as it is

Accepted Answer

Correct option: A&#10;&#10;Explanation:The common cold&#10;is a viral infection and it can cause by different viruses, such as coronaviruses MERS and SARS. As it is a viral&#10;infection so giving antibiotics will not help the patient, as antibiotics are&#10;used for the treatment of infection caused by bacteria. Viruses are not&#10;living things they are not cells. Viruses are composed of two main components: genetic material can be either DNA&#10;or RNA and another is an outer coat of protein called a capsid. Viruses don't have a cell wall, ribosomes, cell&#10;membrane, therefore, they are unaffected by antibiotics as antibiotics act on&#10;the cell walls, ribosomes, and cell membrane, and some enzymes present in cells&#10;of bacteria.&#10;&#10;Hence,&#10;&#8216;Caused by the virus&#8217; is the correct&#10;answer.

Question 3

The fish used for controlling the spread of malaria is

Accepted Answer

Rohu is simple edible fish, Gambusia is also called as mosquitofish found in freshwaters. It feeds on mosquito larva. They were introduced into the ecosystem in many parts of the world as a biocontrol to lower the mosquito population without negatively affecting the region. So, the correct answer is 'Gambusia'

Question 4

Name the causative organisms for the following diseases.(i) Elephantiasis(ii) Ringworm(iii) Amoebiasis

Accepted Answer

Elephantiasis refers to a parasitic infection that causes extreme swelling in the arms and legs. The disease is caused by the filarial worm, which is transmitted form human to human via the female mosquito, when it takes a blood meal. The parasite grows into an adult worm that lives in the lymphatic system of humans. Examples of nematode parasites that cause lymphatic filariasis includes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori. The larvae (microfilariae) of the parasite are taken up by the mosquito when it feeds.Ringworm is a skin infection due to a fungus. Often, there are several patches of ringworm on your skin at once. Ringworm is common, especially among children. However, it may affect people of all ages. It is caused by a fungus, not a worm like the name suggests. Many bacteria and fungi live on your body. Some of these are useful, while others can cause infections. Ringworm occurs when a type of fungus called tinea grows and multiplies on your skin.           Ringworm can affect the skin on your:                    Beard -- Tinea barbae                   Body -- Tinea corporia                   Feet -- Tinea pedis (also called athlete's foot)                   Groin area -- Tinea cruris (also called jock itch)                   Scalp -- Tinea capitis.    3. Amoebiasis, or amebiasis, refers to infection caused by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica. The term entamoebiasis is occasionally seen but is no longer in use; it refers to the same infection. A gastrointestinal infection that may or may not be symptomatic and can remain latent in an infected person for several years, amoebiasis is estimated to cause 70,000 deaths per year world wide. Symptoms can range from mild diarrhoea to dysentery with blood and mucus in the stool. E. histolytica is usually a commensal organism.  Severe amoebiasis infections (known as invasive or fulminant amoebiasis) occur in two major forms. Invasion of the intestinal lining causes amoebic dysentery or amoebic colitis.

Question 5

Among these ............... is a physical barrier that acts a first life of defence.

Accepted Answer

The very first line of defence against any invasion of the human body is a set of physical barriers between the inside of the body and the outer world. Defence systems like skin, tears, mucous membranes are considered the non-specific barriers and the first line of defence.So, the correct answer is option A.

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of active acquired immunity?

Accepted Answer

Active acquired immunity is developed due to the formation of the antibodies against a particular antigen due to the first encounter. When the organism attacks once, the antibodies are produced and remembered by the memory cells. This provides protection on the second encounter of the same disease. When the person recovers once from measles, the person is not affected by measles again.Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Question 7

Which of the following is responsible for cellular immunity?

Accepted Answer

Cellular immunity is a kind of immunity that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. B-lymphocytes are involved in humoral immunity. Erythrocytes or RBCs and thrombocytes or platelets don't play a role in immunity. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Question 8

Which one of the following is related to humoral immunity?

Accepted Answer

B-lymphocytes form army of proteins called antibodies in response to pathogen in blood and are stimulated by antigen and T-helper cells. Therefore, B-lymphocytes provide humoral mediated immunity. T- lymphocytes provide cell mediated immunity. So, the correct option is 'B-lymphocytes'.

Question 9

Antigenic determinants bind to which of the following portions of an antibody?

Accepted Answer

The specific region on an antigen that an antibody recognizes and binds to is called the epitope, or antigenic determinant. An epitope is usually 5-8 amino acids long on the surface of the protein. Proteins are three dimensionally folded structures, and an epitope may only be recognized in its form as it exists in solution, or its native form. The antigen binding portion of an antibody varies extensively among secreted antibodies, and this length of sequence is known as the variable region. The variable region construction during antibody production in the B cell is what enables antibodies to be generated against an infinite variety of antigens. The other biological properties of the antibody and its role in signaling to other immune cells are determined by the constant regions of the heavy chains.So, the correct option is 'Variable regions'.

Question 10

Active immunity is obtained by

Accepted Answer

Weakened germs infection elicits immune response in the body. Memory cells are generated which helps the body to fight the infection in future encounters.

Question 11

Mention the type of immunity acquired by a baby through breast-feeding.

Accepted Answer

Immunity acquired by a baby through breastfeeding is passive acquired immunity, as already formed antibodies in the mother's body are transferred to the baby through breast milk.

Question 12

Differentiate between.Active acquired immunity and passive acquired immunity

Accepted Answer

The type of immunity which an organism obtains during the course of its life time, is known as acquired immunity. Active acquired immunity is achieved by injecting small amounts of antigen into the body of an individual, whereas passive acquired immunity develops through injection of immune serum present in  already immunized organisms.

Question 13

How do vaccines work?

Accepted Answer

Vaccines contain weakened or dead microbial strains of any particular disease. When a vaccine is given to a body orally or through injection, it produces a specific cell or antibody against the pathogen. These cells which are called as antibodies actively protects from the pathogens for which the vaccine is given, throughout the life.

Question 14

The most modern technique of vaccine preparation is

Accepted Answer

The most modern technique of vaccine preparation yet discovered is by amplification or multiplication of antigens through DNA technique.Correct answer-B

Question 15

Match each disease with its correct type of vaccine.ATuberculosis1Harmless virusBWhooping cough2Inactivated toxinCDiphtheria3Killed bacteriaDPolio4Harmless bacteria

Accepted Answer

In many cases, when you catch an infectious disease, your blood produces antibodies against the infective organism. These antibodies remain in the blood or can be rapidly made so that you are immune to further attacks of the disease. You can acquire immunity by receiving injections of a harmless form of the pathogen or its inactivated toxin. The injected substance is called a vaccine. Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is an extremely contagious disease caused by the Bordetella pertussis bacterium. The vaccine preparation uses the killed bacteria. The vaccine for diphtheria is produced from purified inactivated toxin from a strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Polio is caused by the polio virus, a highly contagious virus specific to humans. Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent. So, the correct answer is 'A- 4, B- 3, C- 2, D- 1'

Question 16

The inflammatory response in an allergy is caused by the release one of the following by mast cells.

Accepted Answer

Histamine is a nitrogenous compound that acts as a neurotransmitter and involved in local immune responses i.e., inflammatory response. When the pathogen enters into the body, as part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues. Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins to allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues.Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Question 17

A person who has allergy, the type of antibody responsible for it is

Accepted Answer

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) are antibodies produced by the immune system in response to the allergy. The immune system overreacted to the allergens and releases IgE. These antibodies travel to cells that release chemicals, causing an allergic reaction. This reaction usually causes symptoms in the nose, lungs, throat, or skin. So, the correct answer is option (C)

Question 18

Increased asthmatic  attacks in certain seasons are due to

Accepted Answer

Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. Symptoms include episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Environmental factors which are responsible for asthma include exposure to air pollution and allergens. The increased asthmatic attacks in certain seasons are due to the inhalation of seasonal pollen. Seasonal pollen is obtained by the dehiscence of pollen grain in a particular season to which a person may be allergic.So, the correct answer is 'Inhalation of seasonal pollen'.

Question 19

T-lymphocyte is produced in

Accepted Answer

T lymphocytes are a type of lymphocyte (a subtype of white blood cell) that play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. All T cells originate from haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus gland.

Question 20

The primary lymphoid organ is ____________.

Accepted Answer

Primary lymphatic organs are where lymphocytes are formed and mature. They provide an environment for stem cells to divide and mature B and T cells. There are two primary lymphatic organs,  the red bone marrow, and the thymus gland.So, the correct answer is 'Thymus'.

Question 21

Most of the lymphoid tissue of our body are constituted by

Accepted Answer

The digestive tract is an important component of the body's immune system. In fact, the intestine possesses the largest mass of lymphoid tissue in the human body. The GALT is made up of several types of lymphoid that store immune cells, such as T and B lymphocytes, that carry out attacks and defend against pathogens. Cells of BALT protects the bronchial regions of the lower respiratory tract.LALT is Larynx-associated Lymphoid Tissue.CALT is Conjunctival-associated Lymphoid Tissue.So, the correct answer is 'GALT'

Question 22

Study the diagram showing the entry of HIV into the human body and the processes that are followed.Name the human cell 'A' HIV enters into

Accepted Answer

A is T-helper cell into which the HIV enters.

Question 23

HIV infection can be detected through

Accepted Answer

C (ELISA test) is the correct answerELISA test is enzyme linked immunosorbant essay, it is used to detect the HIV antibody. It detects the antibodies that the body makes in response to the virus.

Question 24

Why does a person suffering from AIDS become sick frequently ?

Accepted Answer

HIV virus causing AIDS destroys the immune system of the host's body. A person suffering from AIDS fails to resist bacterial and viral infections, hence he becomes sick frequently.

Question 25

Oncogenes causes cancer because of production of

Accepted Answer

Proto-oncogenes are a group of genes that cause normal cells to become cancerous when they are mutated.Mutations in proto-oncogenes are typically dominant in nature, and the mutated version of a proto-oncogene is called an oncogene. Often, proto-oncogenes encode proteins that function to stimulate cell division, inhibit cell differentiation, and halt cell death. All of these processes are important for normal human development and for the maintenance of tissues and organs. Oncogenes, however, typically exhibit increased production of these proteins, thus leading to increased cell division, decreased cell differentiation, and inhibition of cell death; taken together, these phenotypes define cancer cells. Thus, oncogenes are currently a major molecular target for anti-cancer drug design.So, the correct option is 'Mutant protein'.

Question 26

Distinguish between Benign tumour and Malignant tumour.

Accepted Answer

Benign tumour Malignant tumourBening tumour cells grow locally and cannot spread by metastasis. Hence they are harmless tumours.Malignant cells enter blood vessels and invade neighboring tissues. Hence they are harmful tumours.Benign tumors grow slowly.Malignant tumors grow more rapidly than benign tumors. They recur locally.They recur at distant sites such as the brain, lungs, bones and liver depending on the type of cancer.These tumors seldom recur after surgery.These tumors recur more commonly.

Question 27

Cervical cancer can be diagnosed by

Accepted Answer

A pap smear test is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially pre-cancerous and cancerous processes in the endocervical canal of the female reproductive system.Thus, the correct answer is option (C), 'Cervical cancer'.

Question 28

Name of the drug used in cancer treatment produced using biotechnology.

Accepted Answer

Interferon is the name given to a group of proteins known primarily for their role in inhibiting viral infections and in stimulating the entire immune system to fight disease. Most interferons are classified as  \alpha ,  \beta , or  \gamma  interferons, depending on their molecular structure. Terramycin is used in conjunctivitis, keratitis, pink eye, corneal ulcer, blepharitis, and bacterial inflammatory conditionsStreptomycin is used to treat bacterial infections.Humulin is the human insulin (protein).Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Question 29

Opium or morphine is obtained from latex of unripe fruit of

Accepted Answer

Opium is the dried latex obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Opium latex contains approximately 12% of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, which is processed chemically to produce heroin and other synthetic opioids for medicinal use and for the illegal drug trade. The latex also contains the closely related opiates codeine and thebaine and non-analgesic alkaloids, such as papaverine and noscapine. The traditional, labor-intensive, method of obtaining the latex is to scratch the immature seed pods by hand and the latex leaks out and dries to a sticky yellowish residue that is later scraped off, and dehydrated. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Question 30

Abrupt discontinuation of regular dose of drugs/ alcohol generates

Accepted Answer

Abrupt discontinuation of regular doses of drugs/ alcohol generates withdrawal syndrome. These are the set of symptoms that occurs due to abrupt discontinuation or dosage reduction of drug or alcohol. Withdrawal syndrome includes tremors, hallucination, vomiting, anxiety, sweating, irritability, insomnia.Thus, the correct answer is 'Withdrawal syndrome'.

Question 31

Identify the measures to control drug abuse.

Accepted Answer

For many people struggling with addiction, the toughest step toward recovery is the very first one: recognizing that you have a problem and deciding to make a change. The following measures are taken to control drug abuse. They are: Create mass awareness, Behavioral counselling, Commitment and follow-through are key, De-addiction centres, More employment opportunities. Hence, Create mass awareness, De-addiction centres and More employment opportunities.  So, the correct answer is 'All of the above'.

Human Health And Disease