We use past perfect tense to explain an action that was completed before another action in the past.
As the action of passing exams was completed before 5 o'clock, we will fill in the blank with the past perfect tense.
Option A - 'Passed' is the past form of the verb used in the simple past tense. Thus option A is incorrect.
Option B - 'Passes' is the third person form of the verb used in the simple present tense. Thus option B is incorrect.
Option C - 'Has passed' is used in the present perfect tense. Thus option C is incorrect.
Option D - 'Has been passed' is used in the present perfect tense in the passive voice. Thus option D is incorrect.
Option E - 'Had passed' is used in the past perfect tense. Thus option E is the correct answer.
'Arthur had passed all his exams by 5 o'clock yesterday.'