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Question

Among the following which elements have its lower oxidation state more stable than their higher oxidation state?
  1. Pb
  2. Sn
  3. Tl
  4. Sb

A
Tl
B
Sb
C
Pb
D
Sn
Solution
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In group 13, the characteristic group oxidation state of +3 is known but the +1 state gets progressively stabilized on going down the group. It is particularly favored by Tl. This is a consequence of the so called 'inert pair effect' which also accounts for the stability of the dipositive oxidation states of Sn and Pb and tripositive state of Bi.

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