(a) According to the question, two large conducting spheres with charge Q1 and Q2 are placed such that displacement between their center is r. Then, the magnitude of electrostatic force between the two spheres is not exactly equal to Q1Q24πϵ0r2
Since the magnitude of electrostatic force between two point charges Q1 and Q2 placed at a distance r is given by the relation,
F=Q1Q24πϵ0r2
(b) Gauss's law states that net electric flux through the surface is the electric field of the charge enclosed by the surface multiplied by the area of the surface projected in a plane perpendicular to the field and this product is a constant equal to charge enclosed within the surface divided by ϵ0
i.e. ϕ=E.dA
or ϕ=Qϵ0
where, ϕ= electric flux,
E= electric field
dA= elementary area vector of the surface
Q= charge enclosed by the surface
ϵ0= permitivity of free space
Since, electric field involves 1r2 and area vector involves the term of r2, therefore the product becomes constant.
But, if Coulomb's law involves 1r3 dependence, product of electric field and area vector Gauss's law will not be true.
(c) If a small test charge is released at rest at a point in an electrostatic fields configuration, then it will travel along the field lines passing through that point, as the tangent drawn at a point on the field line gives the direction of acceleration at that point.
(d) When the electron completes an orbit, either circular or elliptical, the displacement becomes zero, so the work done by the field of a nucleus is zero.
Work = Force × Displacement
(e) Electric field is discontinuous across the surface of a charged conductor, but the electric potential is continuous.
(f) The capacitance of a single conductor means a capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with one plate as the conductor while the other placed at infinity.
(g) Water has a permanent dipole moment while mica doesn't, because water has an unsymmetrical space as compared to mica. So, water has a greater dielectric constant than mica.