In establishing new ecosystem on rock the pioneers are
Lichens
Phytoplankton
Trees
Animals
A
Phytoplankton
B
Animals
C
Lichens
D
Trees
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Solution
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Every organism to establish a new ecosystem require a soil but lichens colonize in bare rock and secrete acid, which causes the breakdown of rock and produces the soil. That's why lichens are called pioneer species on rocks.
Whereas, the phytoplankton establishes the primary succession in water and with time phytoplanktons are replaced by the free-floating angiosperms then the hydrophytes and finally the tress.
Phytoplanktons are called the pioneer species in hydrarch succession.
So, the correct answer is 'Lichens'.
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