(i) Genetically modified organisms: Plants, bacteria, fungi or animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called GMO. If the gene is altered in a crop plant it is called GM crop.
(ii) Pest-resistant plant: By RNA interference technique plants can be made to resist infestation of a nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Using Agrobacterium vector nematode-specific genes are introduced into host plant and silencing of Specific mRNA of the nematode is done.
(iv) Production of interspecific hybrids by somatic hybridization.
(v) Tailor-made predators, pathogens of pests are created to control infestation by pests.