The protonema is an elongate, thread-like structure that develops from the germinated spore of mosses and some liverworts. In most liverworts it is thalloid. The moss protonema typically branches and can develop into chloronema, caulonema, or rhizoids, depending on the species and the conditions. True moss spores germinate to form filamentous protonemata, but Sphagnopsida and Andreaeopsida form a thalloid protonema, and liverwort protonemata may range from filamentous to thalloid. The spores germinate into a tiny green thread, which looks like a simple strand of green algae. This similarity is one more clue that bryophytes are descended from green algae. This early threadlike stage is called the protonema. The new adult gametophytes grow from a tiny bud that develops on the protonema. Funaria is a moss, so it has protonema in its life cycle.