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What causes the temporary and permanent hardness of water ?

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The presence of calcium and magnesium bicarbonates $$Ca(HCO_3)_2$$ and $$Mg(HCO_3)_2$$ causes temporary hardness in water. The presence of soluble salts of calcium and magnesium, i.e., sulphates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium cause permanent hardness in water.

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