Python is an object-oriented programming language that may be extended and interpreted. It is capable of running a wide range of programs, from simple text processing scripts to interactive WWW browsers. Python standard library is extremely comprehensive, providing a wide range of facilities, as evidenced by the lengthy table of contents listed below. This library reference handbook describes the Python standard library as well as a number of optional library modules. Some of these modules are expressly meant to encourage and improve Python program portability by abstracting away platform-specifics into platform-neutral APIs.
Python Built-in Functions
Python built-in functions are types of functions whose functionalities are pre-defined by the programming language. The Python programming language includes a number of functions that are readily available for use. These are known as built-in functions. All of Python’s built-in functions are listed on this reference page.
| Functions | Description |
| abs() | Absolute value of a number is returned |
| all() | Returns true when all the elements in the argument are true |
| any() | Checks if any Element of an iterable is True |
| ascii() | Returns String Containing Printable Representation |
| bin() | Converts an integer to binary string |
| bool() | Converts a Value to Boolean data type |
| bytearray() | An array is returned of the specified byte size |
| bytes() | This function returns an immutable bytes object |
| callable() | Checks if the Object is Callable |
| chr() | Returns a Character (a string) from an Integer |
| classmethod() | Returns class method for a given function |
| compile() | Returns a Python code object |
| complex() | A Complex Number is created |
| delattr() | Attribute From the Objects are deleted |
| dict() | A Dictionary is created |
| dir() | Tries to Return Attributes of Object |
| divmod() | Returns a Tuple of Quotient and Remainder |
| enumerate() | An Enumerate Object is returned |
| eval() | Runs Python Code Within Program |
| exec() | Executes Dynamically Created Program |
| filter() | Constructs iterator from elements that are true |
| float() | Returns a floating-point number from number, string |
| format() | Returns formatted representation of a value |
| frozenset() | Returns an immutable frozen-set object |
| getattr() | Returns value of named attribute of an object |
| globals() | Returns dictionary of current global symbol table |
| hasattr() | This function returns whether an object has a named attribute |
| hash() | This function returns a hash value of an object |
| help() | This function helps to Invokes the built-in Help System |
| hex() | Converts an Integer value to Hexadecimal |
| id() | Returns Identify of an Object |
| input() | Reads and returns a line of string |
| int() | Returns an integer from a number or string |
| isinstance() | Checks if an Object is an Instance of Class |
| issubclass() | Checks if the Class is a Subclass of another Class |
| iter() | Returns an iterator |
| len() | Prints the Length of an Object |
| list() | Creates a list in Python |
| locals() | Returns dictionary of a current local symbol table |
| map() | Applies Function and Returns a List |
| max() | Returns the largest item from the iterator |
| memoryview() | Returns memory view of an argument |
| min() | Returns the smallest value from the iterator |
| next() | Retrieves next item from the iterator |
| object() | Creates a featureless object |
| oct() | Prints the Octal representation of an Integer |
| open() | Returns a file object |
| ord() | Returns an integer of the Unicode character |
| pow() | Prints the power of a number |
| print() | Prints the Given Object after the program has been run |
| property() | Returns the property attribute |
| range() | Return sequence of integers between start and stop parameter |
| repr() | Returns a printable representation of the object |
| reversed() | Prints the reversed iterator of a sequence |
| round() | Rounds off a number to the specified decimals |
| set() | Constructs and returns a set |
| setattr() | Sets the value of an attribute of an object |
| slice() | Returns a slice object |
| sorted() | A sorted list is returned from the given iterable |
| staticmethod() | Transforms a method into a static method |
| str() | Returns the string version of the object |
| sum() | Adds items of an Iterable |
| super() | Returns a proxy object of the base class |
| tuple() | An iterator is converted into a tuple and printed |
| type() | Returns the data type of the object |
| vars() | Returns the __dict__ attribute |
| zip() | Returns an iterator of tuples |
| __import__() | Function called by the import statement |
Python Dictionary Methods
Python dictionary provides a variety of methods and functions that can be used to easily perform operations on the key-value pairs. Let us look at the Python standard library references for various dictionary methods that are listed below.
| Method | Description |
| clear() | Removes all the elements from the dictionary |
| copy() | Returns a shallow copy of the specified dictionary |
| fromkeys(seq, val) | Creates a new dictionary with keys from seq and val assigned to all the keys |
| get(key) | Returns the value of the specified key |
| has_key() | Returns True if the key exists in the dictionary, else returns False |
| items() | Returns a list of dictionary’s items in (key, value) format pairs |
| keys() | Returns a list containing all the keys in the dictionary |
| pop(key) | Removes and returns an element from a dictionary having the given key |
| popitem() | Removes and returns an arbitrary item (key, value). |
| setdefault(key, val) | Returns the corresponding value if the key is in the dictionary. If not, insert the key with a value of val |
| update() | Updates the dictionary by adding key-value pair |
| values() | Returns a list containing all the values in the dictionary |
Python List Methods
The methods accessible with list objects in Python programming are listed below. They are referred to as list.method(). Now, the Python standard library references for lists are:
| Methods | Description |
| append() | Adds a single element to the end of the list |
| clear() | Removes all the elements from the list |
| copy() | Returns a shallow copy of the list |
| count() | Returns the number of items specified as a parameter |
| extend() | Adds multiple elements to the end of the list |
| index() | Returns the index value of the first matched item |
| insert() | Inserts an item at the specified index position |
| pop() | Returns and removes an element at the specified index |
| remove() | Removes a specified item from the list |
| reverse() | Reverses the order of the entire list |
| sort() | Sorts all the items in an ascending order |
Python Set Methods
Just like Python string, list, and dictionary class methods, the set() function also has different methods that are used for performing various operations on the data elements.
| Method | Description |
| frozenset() | Returns an immutable frozenset object |
| Set add() | Adds elements to the set |
| Set clear() | Deletes all the elements from the set |
| Set copy() | Returns a copy of the set |
| Set difference() | Returns the difference between 2 or more sets |
| Set difference_update() | Updates the calling set by removing the items that are also included in the other specified sets |
| Set discard() | Removes a specific element from the set |
| Set intersection() | Returns an intersection of 2 or more sets |
| Set intersection_update() | Updates the calling set by removing the items that are not present in the other specified sets |
| Set isdisjoint() | Returns whether 2 sets have an intersection or not |
| Set issubset() | Returns whether one set contains this set or not |
| Set issuperset() | Returns whether this set contains another set or not |
| Set pop() | Removes an arbitrary element |
| Set remove() | Removes the specified element from the set |
| Set symmetric_difference() | Returns symmetric differences of 2 or more sets |
| Set symmetric_difference_update() | Updates the Set with symmetric difference |
| Set union() | Returns union of sets |
| Set update() | Adds elements to the set |
Python String Methods
Because Python Strings are immutable, all of these functions return a new string while leaving the previous string untouched and unchanged. The Python standard library references for strings are:
| Method | Description |
| String capitalize() | Returns a string with the first character converted to Uppercase while other letters to lowercase |
| String casefold() | Returns a string converting a wider range of characters to lowercase |
| String center() | Pads the input string to the center with a specified character |
| String count() | Returns the number of occurrences of a substring from the original string |
| String encode() | Returns an encoded string with the specified encoding standard |
| String endswith() | Returns value TRUE if the string ends with the specified suffix |
| String expandtabs() | Replaces tab characters \t with spaces |
| String find() | Returns the index value of the first occurrence of the substring |
| String format() | Formats the string by converting it into a more representative output format |
| String format_map() | Formats the string values using a dictionary |
| String index() | Returns the index value of the substring specified |
| String isalnum() | Checks if all characters are alphanumeric |
| String isalpha() | Checks if all characters are alphabets |
| String isdecimal() | Checks if all characters are decimal values |
| String isdigit() | Checks if all characters are digits or not |
| String isidentifier() | Checks if all characters are valid identifiers |
| String islower() | Checks if all characters in a string are lowercased |
| String isnumeric() | Checks if all characters are numeric |
| String isprintable() | Checks if all characters are printable |
| String isspace() | Checks if all characters contain whitespaces |
| String istitle() | Returns TRUE if the string is a title cased string |
| String issuper() | Returns TRUE if all the characters in the string are uppercase |
| String join() | Returns a concatenated string |
| String ljust() | Returns a left-justified string as per the width specified |
| String lower() | Converts all the characters of the string to lowercase |
| String lstrip() | Returns a string with the leading characters removed |
| String maketrans() | Create a mapping table and returns this translation table |
| String partition() | Splits the string at the first occurrence of the separator |
| String replace() | Replaces all the occurrences of the specified substring with another substring |
| String rfind() | Returns the highest index value of the substring |
| String rindex() | Returns the highest index value of the substring inside the string |
| String rjust() | Returns a right-justified string as per the width specified |
| String rpartition() | Splits the string into 3 different parts and returns a tuple |
| String rsplit() | Splits the string from right |
| String rstrip() | Returns a string with all the trailing characters removed |
| String split() | Splits the string from the specified separator and returns a list |
| String splitlines() | Splits the string at line boundaries |
| String startswith() | Returns value TRUE if the string starts with the specified prefix |
| String strip() | Removes both the leading and trailing characters of a string |
| String swapcase() | Swaps uppercase characters to lowercase and vice versa |
| String title() | Converts the string to a tile cased string |
| String translate() | Modifies the string according to the translation table |
| String upper() | Converts all the characters of the string to uppercase |
| String zfill() | Returns a copy of the string with ‘0’ padded to the left of the string |
Python Tuple Methods
Python standard library references for tuples are:
| Function | Description |
| cmp(tuple1, tuple2) | Compares elements of both the tuples |
| len(tuple) | Returns the total length of the tuple |
| max(tuple) | Returns the largest element from the tuple |
| min(tuple) | Returns the smallest element from the tuple |
| tuple(seq) | Converts a list into a tuple |
| count() | Returns count of the element in the tuple |
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